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(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + alpha-humulene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + alpha-humulene + alpha-copaene + diphosphate
-
-
alpha-humulene and alpha-copaene are minor products besides the main product (E)-beta-caryophyllene
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?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + alpha-humulene + diphosphate
-
TPS 1 forms two main products: (E)-beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene with 76.3 and 23.7%, respectively
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?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + alpha-humulene + germacrene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(trans)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
Geranyl diphosphate
?
-
production of several monoterpenes among which myrcene, limonene and camphene can be clearly identified
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?
additional information
?
-
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
79% (E)-beta-caryophyllene plus 21% alpha-humulene
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?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
stereochemistry not specified in the publication
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
enzyme produces beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene in a ratio of 71:29
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
the enzyme stereochemistry is not determined in the publication. Recombinant enzyme OkBCS converts farnesyl diphosphate to beta-caryophyllene as a major product (94%) and 6% alpha-humulene
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-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
the enzyme stereochemistry is not determined in the publication
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
the enzyme stereochemistry is not determined in the publication, the reaction mechanism includes a 1,10-ring closure
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-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no substrate: geranyl diphosphate
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-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme OkBCS is not active with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as substrate, besides a weak hydrolysis activity converting GPP to geraniol, identification of substrates and products by GC-MS analysis
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
enzyme OkBCS is not active with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as substrate, besides a weak hydrolysis activity converting GPP to geraniol, identification of substrates and products by GC-MS analysis
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-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme encoded by gene TPS1 produces beta-caryophyllene as a main product and humulene as a minor compound, and thus is named caryophyllene synthase (PnCPS)
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?
additional information
?
-
steady-state kinetic parameters are determined using malachite green phosphate assay
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-
?
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(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + alpha-humulene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + alpha-humulene + germacrene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(E)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(trans)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
additional information
?
-
the enzyme encoded by gene TPS1 produces beta-caryophyllene as a main product and humulene as a minor compound, and thus is named caryophyllene synthase (PnCPS)
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
(-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
stereochemistry not specified in the publication
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
the enzyme stereochemistry is not determined in the publication
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
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evolution
isozyme RtTPS1 contains all the conserved domains of the TPS family, including the RR(P)X8W, RXR, and DDXXD (X is any amino acid) motifs, and absolutely conserved arginine, cysteine and histidine residues in active-site
evolution
isozyme RtTPS3 contains all the conserved domains of the TPS family, including the RR(P)X8W, RXR, and DDXXD (X is any amino acid) motifs, and absolutely conserved arginine, cysteine and histidine residues in active-site
evolution
the cyclization process catalyzed by PnTPSs follows a 1,10-closure mechanism assuming that the present PnTPSs have evolved from a common ancestor
evolution
the enzyme belongs to typical class of sesquiterpene synthases from angiosperms, clade TPS-a. Across five Ocimum species, OkBCS shows the highest expression in Ocimum kilimandscharicum followed by Ocimum americanum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Ocimum gratissimum while Ocimum basilicum hadve trace levels
metabolism
beta-caryophyllene is produced via the mevalonate (MVA)-mediated pathway, overview
metabolism
beta-caryophyllene is produced via the mevalonate (MVA)-mediated pathway, overview
metabolism
GC/MS profiling of terpenes from immature black pepper fruit, accumulation of beta-caryophyllene, the major sesquiterpene in peppercorn, changes from 46% to 70% as fruits ripen
metabolism
putative alpha-pinene and beta-caryophyllene biosynthesis pathway
physiological function
flowers of plant lines lacking (E)-beta-caryophyllene emission show greater bacterial growth on their stigmas than wild-type flowers, and their seeds are lighter and misshapen. Plant lines with ectopic (E)-beta-caryophyllene emission from vegetative parts are more resistant than wild-type plants to pathogen infection of leaves, and show reduced cell damage and higher seed production. (E)-beta-caryophyllene seems to act by direct inhibition of bacterial growth
physiological function
agro-infiltration based transient expression manipulation with OkBCS overexpression and silencing confirms its role in beta-caryophyllene biosynthesis
additional information
-
isozymes RtTPS1-4 mainly produce (+)-alpha-pinene and (+)-beta-pinene, as well as small amounts of (-)-alpha-pinene and (-)-beta-pinene with GPP, while RtTPS1 and RtTPS3 are also active with FPP, producing beta-caryophyllene (65.71% for RtTPS1 and 93.05% for RtTPS3), along with a smaller amount of alpha-humulene (4.29% for RtTPS1 and 6.95% for RtTPS3). alpha/beta-Pinene, beta-caryophyllene, and alpha-humulene constitute the major active components in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Among them, (+)-alpha-pinene and beta-caryophyllene are most abundant in the leaves
additional information
isozymes RtTPS1-4 mainly produce (+)-alpha-pinene and (+)-beta-pinene, as well as small amounts of (-)-alpha-pinene and (-)-beta-pinene with GPP, while RtTPS1 and RtTPS3 are also active with FPP, producing beta-caryophyllene (65.71% for RtTPS1 and 93.05% for RtTPS3), along with a smaller amount of alpha-humulene (4.29% for RtTPS1 and 6.95% for RtTPS3). alpha/beta-Pinene, beta-caryophyllene, and alpha-humulene constitute the major active components in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Among them, (+)-alpha-pinene and beta-caryophyllene are most abundant in the leaves
additional information
isozymes RtTPS1-4 mainly produce (+)-alpha-pinene and (+)-beta-pinene, as well as small amounts of (-)-alpha-pinene and (-)-beta-pinene with GPP, while RtTPS1 and RtTPS3 are also active with FPP, producing beta-caryophyllene (65.71% for RtTPS1 and 93.05% for RtTPS3), along with a smaller amount of alpha-humulene (4.29% for RtTPS1 and 6.95% for RtTPS3). alpha/beta-Pinene, beta-caryophyllene, and alpha-humulene constitute the major active components in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Among them, (+)-alpha-pinene and beta-caryophyllene are most abundant in the leaves
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additional information
production of beta-caryophyllene by assembling a biosynthetic pathway in an engineered Escherichia coli strain of which phosphoglucose isomerase gene has been deleted. The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) or heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathways are employed. Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS2 gene from Abies grandis), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH gene), and beta-caryophyllene synthase genes are co-overexpressed in the engineered strain. The final genetically modified strain, YJM59, produces 220 mg/l of beta-caryophyllene in flask culture. Evaluation of fed-batch fermentation for the production of beta-caryophyllene. After induction for 60 h, the YJM59 strain produces beta-caryophyllene at a concentration of 1520 mg/l. The volumetric production fermented in the aerobic fed-batch is 0.34 mg/(l/h/OD600) and the conversion efficiency of glucose to beta-caryophyllene (gram to gram) is 1.69%. Method evaluation with beta-caryophyllene synthases from different origins, QHS1 from Artemisia annua is the most effective of the three enzymes, compared to TPS21 from Arabidopsis thaliana and TPS23 from Zea perennis. Substrate channeling
additional information
in a robustly acetate-utilizing Escherichia coli strain, acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS), Artemisia annua beta-caryophyllene synthase (QHS1) and geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS2) are co-expressed to establish the engineered strain converting acetic acid to beta-caryophyllene. To further enhance beta-caryophyllene production from acetic acid, the heterologous mevalonate pathway is introduced into the cells. Acetoacetyl-CoA synthase (AACS) is also expressed in the cells to increase the precursor acetoacetyl-CoA and accordingly resulted in the increase of beta-caryophyllene. The final genetically modified strain, YJM67, accumulates the production of biomass and beta-caryophyllene up to 12.6 and 1.05 g/l during 72 h, respectively, with a specific productivity of 1.15 mg/h/g dry cells, and the conversion efficiency of acetic acid to beta-caryophyllene (gram to gram) reaching 2.1%. The yield of beta-caryophyllene on acetic acid of this strain also reaches about 5.6 % of the theoretical yield. A pH-coupled HAc fed-batch fermentation in large scale production of beta-caryophyllene
additional information
production of beta-caryophyllene by assembling a biosynthetic pathway in an engineered Escherichia coli strain of which phosphoglucose isomerase gene has been deleted. The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) or heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathways are employed. Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS2 gene from Abies grandis), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH gene), and beta-caryophyllene synthase genes are co-overexpressed in the engineered strain. The final genetically modified strain, YJM59, produces 220 mg/l of beta-caryophyllene in flask culture. Evaluation of fed-batch fermentation for the production of beta-caryophyllene. After induction for 60 h, the YJM59 strain produces beta-caryophyllene at a concentration of 1520 mg/l. The volumetric production fermented in the aerobic fed-batch is 0.34 mg/(l/h/OD600) and the conversion efficiency of glucose to beta-caryophyllene (gram to gram) is 1.69%. Method evaluation with beta-caryophyllene synthases from different origins, QHS1 from Artemisia annua is the most effective of the three enzymes, compared to TPS21 from Arabidopsis thaliana and TPS23 from Zea perennis. Substrate channeling
additional information
gene OkBCS silencing in Ocimum kilimandscharicum plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 mediated transfection. beta-Caryophyllene and alpha-humulene levels decrease by about 20% in silenced plants compared to controls. The silencing effect is more prominent in systemic leaves with 95% reduction in OkBCS transcripts against 51% decrease in local leaves
additional information
-
gene OkBCS silencing in Ocimum kilimandscharicum plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 mediated transfection. beta-Caryophyllene and alpha-humulene levels decrease by about 20% in silenced plants compared to controls. The silencing effect is more prominent in systemic leaves with 95% reduction in OkBCS transcripts against 51% decrease in local leaves
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codon-optimized QHS1 gene, recombinant overexpression in Escherichia coli strain YJM59, coexpression with geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS2 gene from Abies grandis), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH gene) from plasmid pACY-mvaE-mvaS-QHS1-GPPS2-G6PDH
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DH3) pLysS cells
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells
-
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, Rosetta and RIPL strains and in Arabidopsis thaliana
expressed in Escherichia coli strain YJM59
gene OkBCS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis, recombinant expression of C-terminally His6-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli TOP10 cells, transient overexpression in Ocimum kilimandscharicum via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 mediated transfection
gene QHS1, the optimized QHS1 gene is expressed in Escherichia coli strain YJM63 and BL21(DE3), coexpression with genes ACS, GPPS2, and AACS to construct a beta-caryophyllene overroduction strain
gene TPS1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis and tree, the enzyme encoded by gene TPS1 produces beta-caryophyllene as a main product and humulene as a minor compound, and thus is named caryophyllene synthase (PnCPS), illumina transcriptome sequencing of unripe peppercorn identifiying sesquiterpene synthases (sesqui-TPSs), recombinant expression of His-tagged enzyme TPS1 in Escherichia coli strain Rosetta 2(DE3)
gene TPS1, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, isozyme TPS1 RT-PCR expression analysis, recombinant expression of His-tagged isozyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
gene TPS21, recombinant overexpression in Escherichia coli strain YJM59, coexpression with geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS2 gene from Abies grandis), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH gene) from plasmid pACY-mvaE-mvaS-QHS1-GPPS2-G6PDH
gene TPS3, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, isozyme TPS3 RT-PCR expression analysis, recombinant expression of His-tagged isozyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
expressed in Escherichia coli strain YJM59
expressed in Escherichia coli strain YJM59
expressed in Escherichia coli strain YJM59
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Kpke, D.; Schrder, R.; Fischer, H.M.; Gershenzon, J.; Hilker, M.; Schmidt, A.
Does egg deposition by herbivorous pine sawflies affect transcription of sesquiterpene synthases in pine?
Planta
228
427-438
2008
Pinus sylvestris (B4XAK4)
brenda
Abel, C.; Clauss, M.; Schaub, A.; Gershenzon, J.; Tholl, D.
Floral and insect-induced volatile formation in Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea, a perennial, outcrossing relative of A. thaliana
Planta
230
1-11
2009
Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea
brenda
Huang, M.; Sanchez-Moreiras, A.M.; Abel, C.; Sohrabi, R.; Lee, S.; Gershenzon, J.; Tholl, D.
The major volatile organic compound emitted from Arabidopsis thaliana flowers, the sesquiterpene (E)-beta-caryophyllene, is a defense against a bacterial pathogen
New Phytol.
193
997-1008
2012
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q84UU4)
brenda
Yang, C.Q.; Wu, X.M.; Ruan, J.X.; Hu, W.L.; Mao, Y.B.; Chen, X.Y.; Wang, L.J.
Isolation and characterization of terpene synthases in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Phytochemistry
96
46-56
2013
Gossypium hirsutum (K7PRF2)
brenda
Jullien, F.; Moja, S.; Bony, A.; Legrand, S.; Petit, C.; Benabdelkader, T.; Poirot, K.; Fiorucci, S.; Guitton, Y.; Nicole, F.; Baudino, S.; Magnard, J.L.
Isolation and functional characterization of a tau-cadinol synthase, a new sesquiterpene synthase from Lavandula angustifolia
Plant Mol. Biol.
84
227-241
2014
Lavandula angustifolia (U3LVZ7)
brenda
Huang, X.; Xiao, Y.; Koellner, T.G.; Zhang, W.; Wu, J.; Wu, J.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, Y.
Identification and characterization of (E)-beta-caryophyllene synthase and alpha/alpha-pinene synthase potentially involved in constitutive and herbivore-induced terpene formation in cotton
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
73
302-308
2013
Gossypium hirsutum (K7PRF2)
brenda
Jin, Z.; Kwon, M.; Lee, A.R.; Ro, D.K.; Wungsintaweekul, J.; Kim, S.U.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of three terpene synthases from unripe fruit of black pepper (Piper nigrum)
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
638
35-40
2018
Piper nigrum (A0A1V0E492)
brenda
Jayaramaiah, R.H.; Anand, A.; Beedkar, S.D.; Dholakia, B.B.; Punekar, S.A.; Kalunke, R.M.; Gade, W.N.; Thulasiram, H.V.; Giri, A.P.
Functional characterization and transient expression manipulation of a new sesquiterpene synthase involved in beta-caryophyllene accumulation in Ocimum
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
473
265-271
2016
Ocimum kilimandscharicum (A0A0E3KJK7), Ocimum kilimandscharicum
brenda
He, S.M.; Wang, X.; Yang, S.C.; Dong, Y.; Zhao, Q.M.; Yang, J.L.; Cong, K.; Zhang, J.J.; Zhang, G.H.; Wang, Y.; Fan, W.
De novo transcriptome characterization of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves and identification of genes involved in alpha/beta-pinene and beta-caryophyllene biosynthesis
Front. Plant Sci.
9
1231
2018
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (A0A385J6X8), Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (A0A385J6Y9)
brenda
Chuang, L.; Wen, C.H.; Lee, Y.R.; Lin, Y.L.; Hsu, L.R.; Wang, S.Y.; Chu, F.H.
Identification, functional characterization, and seasonal expression patterns of five sesquiterpene synthases in Liquidambar formosana
J. Nat. Prod.
81
1162-1172
2018
Liquidambar formosana
brenda
Yang, J.; Nie, Q.
Engineering Escherichia coli to convert acetic acid to beta-caryophyllene
Microb. Cell Fact.
15
74
2016
Artemisia annua (Q8SA63)
brenda
Chiriboga M, X.; Guo, H.; Campos-Herrera, R.; Roeder, G.; Imperiali, N.; Keel, C.; Maurhofer, M.; Turlings, T.C.J.
Root-colonizing bacteria enhance the levels of (E)-beta-caryophyllene produced by maize roots in response to rootworm feeding
Oecologia
187
459-468
2018
Zea mays
brenda
Salvagnin, U.; Carlin, S.; Angeli, S.; Vrhovsek, U.; Anfora, G.; Malnoy, M.; Martens, S.
Homologous and heterologous expression of grapevine E-(beta)-caryophyllene synthase (VvGwECar2)
Phytochemistry
131
76-83
2016
Vitis vinifera (E5GAF4)
brenda
Yang, J.; Li, Z.; Guo, L.; Du, J.; Bae, H.
Biosynthesis of beta-caryophyllene, a novel terpene-based high-density biofuel precursor, using engineered Escherichia coli
Renewable Energy
99
216-223
2016
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q84UU4), Artemisia annua (Q8SA63), Zea perennis (B2C4D8)
-
brenda