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8alpha-hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate
ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide + diphosphate
produced by recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase mutant H263A
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?
8beta-hydroxy-ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide + ent-kaurene + diphosphate
copalyl diphosphate
sandaracopimaradiene + diphosphate
ent-copalyl diphosphate
16alpha-hydroxykaurane + ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-beyerene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-beyerene + ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-isokaur-15-ene + diphosphate
enzyme OsKSL5i, via the ent-kauran-16-yl intermediate, overview
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-15-ene + diphosphate
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + 6alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane + diphosphate
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-ene + diphosphate
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-sandaracopimaradiene + diphosphate
-
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-trachylobane + diphosphate
-
-
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene + diphosphate
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaur-ene + diphosphate
almost exclusive production of ent-kaurene and 16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaur-ene by the wild-type PpCPS/KS enzyme, while mutant I741T shows ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene synthase activity, EC 4.2.3.30
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane + diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
PpCPS-KS directly synthesizes the ent-kaurene skeleton from GGDP
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?
syn-copalyl diphosphate
?
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?
additional information
?
-
8beta-hydroxy-ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide + ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
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?
8beta-hydroxy-ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide + ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
copalyl diphosphate
sandaracopimaradiene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
copalyl diphosphate
sandaracopimaradiene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
copalyl diphosphate
sandaracopimaradiene + diphosphate
-
-
-
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?
copalyl diphosphate
sandaracopimaradiene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
almost exclusive production of ent-kaurene by the wild-type MpKS enzyme, while mutant I645T shows ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene synthase activity, EC 4.2.3.30
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
almost exclusive production of ent-kaurene and 16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaur-ene by the wild-type PpCPS/KS enzyme, while mutant I741T shows ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene synthase activity, EC 4.2.3.30
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
second step in plant hormone gibberellin biosynthesis, regulation of the gibberellin biosynthesis, the KS is not rate-determining, overview
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
the bifunctional ent-kaurene synthase produces both entkaurene and 16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
the enzyme is involved in gibberellin metabolism and biosynthesis of diterpene phytoalexins, overview
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
the bifunctional ent-kaurene synthase produces both entkaurene and 16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
ent-copalyl diphosphate is converted in an ionization-initiated (class I) reaction that involves formation of a pimarenyl carbocation intermediate, followed by secondary cyclization to a beyeranyl cation which undergoes ring rearrangement and deprotonation to form the tetracyclic ent-kaurene
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
additionally an unidentified acid labile compound is formed that is not found in products from pea and pumpkin
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
additionally an unidentified acid labile compound is formed that is not found in products from pea and pumpkin
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane + diphosphate
-
-
the bifunctional ent-kaurene synthase produces both entkaurene and 16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane + diphosphate
-
the bifunctional ent-kaurene synthase produces both entkaurene and 16alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate
-
?
additional information
?
-
GC-MS analysis of products, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the ent-copalyl diphosphate substrate binds to a hydrophobic pocket near a cluster of Asp and Arg residues that are essential for catalysis, with the carbocations formed on ionization being protected by Leu, Tyr and Phe residues
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?
additional information
?
-
the ent-copalyl diphosphate substrate binds to a hydrophobic pocket near a cluster of Asp and Arg residues that are essential for catalysis, with the carbocations formed on ionization being protected by Leu, Tyr and Phe residues
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?
additional information
?
-
GC-MS analysis of products, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GC-MS analysis of products, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the bifunctional diterpene synthase PpCPS/KS catalyzes both the reactions of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, EC 5.5.1.13, and ent-kaurene synthase. Enzyme CPS produces the precursor for several different diterpenes formed by ent-kaurene synthase, i.e. ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-15-ene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene, via three carbocation intermediates, mechanism, overview. PpCPS/KS is a multiproduct enzyme
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?
additional information
?
-
-
the bifunctional diterpene synthase PpCPS/KS catalyzes both the reactions of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, EC 5.5.1.13, and ent-kaurene synthase. Enzyme CPS produces the precursor for several different diterpenes formed by ent-kaurene synthase, i.e. ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-15-ene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene, via three carbocation intermediates, mechanism, overview. PpCPS/KS is a multiproduct enzyme
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?
additional information
?
-
GC-MS analysis of products, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the bifunctional diterpene synthase PpCPS/KS catalyzes both the reactions of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase and ent-kaurene synthase, EC 4.2.3.19
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?
additional information
?
-
-
the bifunctional diterpene synthase PpCPS/KS catalyzes both the reactions of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase and ent-kaurene synthase, EC 4.2.3.19
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?
additional information
?
-
GC-MS analysis of products, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme forms ent-kaurene via 4 consecutive intermediates (i.e. ent-pimarenyl, ent-beyeranyl, ent-trachylobanyl, and ent-kauranyl), three of which can be the precursor for different diterpenes other than ent-kaurene, overview. Enzyme product analysis by GC-MS. No production of ent-beyerene or ent-atiserene by isozymes RcKSL1 and RcKSL2
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?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme forms ent-kaurene via 4 consecutive intermediates (i.e. ent-pimarenyl, ent-beyeranyl, ent-trachylobanyl, and ent-kauranyl), three of which can be the precursor for different diterpenes other than ent-kaurene, overview. Enzyme product analysis by GC-MS. No production of ent-beyerene or ent-atiserene by isozymes RcKSL1 and RcKSL2
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?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme prefers normal and syn-copalyl diphosphate over ent-copalyl diphosphate
-
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?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme prefers normal and syn-copalyl diphosphate over ent-copalyl diphosphate
-
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?
additional information
?
-
GC-MS analysis of products, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CPS/KS catalyzes the two-step cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to ent-kaurene via ent-copalyl diphosphate
-
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?
additional information
?
-
-
CPS/KS catalyzes the two-step cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to ent-kaurene via ent-copalyl diphosphate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CPS/KS catalyzes the two-step cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to ent-kaurene via ent-copalyl diphosphate
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
copalyl diphosphate
sandaracopimaradiene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
16alpha-hydroxykaurane + ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-beyerene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-beyerene + ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-15-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + 6alpha-hydroxy-ent-kaurane + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-ene + diphosphate
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-sandaracopimaradiene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-trachylobane + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene + diphosphate
syn-copalyl diphosphate
?
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaur-ene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
second step in plant hormone gibberellin biosynthesis, regulation of the gibberellin biosynthesis, the KS is not rate-determining, overview
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
the enzyme is involved in gibberellin metabolism and biosynthesis of diterpene phytoalexins, overview
-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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ent-copalyl diphosphate is converted in an ionization-initiated (class I) reaction that involves formation of a pimarenyl carbocation intermediate, followed by secondary cyclization to a beyeranyl cation which undergoes ring rearrangement and deprotonation to form the tetracyclic ent-kaurene
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ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
additionally an unidentified acid labile compound is formed that is not found in products from pea and pumpkin
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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-
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
-
involved in biosynthesis of gibberellins
-
?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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?
ent-copalyl diphosphate + H2O
16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene + diphosphate
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?
additional information
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the bifunctional diterpene synthase PpCPS/KS catalyzes both the reactions of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, EC 5.5.1.13, and ent-kaurene synthase. Enzyme CPS produces the precursor for several different diterpenes formed by ent-kaurene synthase, i.e. ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-15-ene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene, via three carbocation intermediates, mechanism, overview. PpCPS/KS is a multiproduct enzyme
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?
additional information
?
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the bifunctional diterpene synthase PpCPS/KS catalyzes both the reactions of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, EC 5.5.1.13, and ent-kaurene synthase. Enzyme CPS produces the precursor for several different diterpenes formed by ent-kaurene synthase, i.e. ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-15-ene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene, via three carbocation intermediates, mechanism, overview. PpCPS/KS is a multiproduct enzyme
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additional information
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the enzyme prefers normal and syn-copalyl diphosphate over ent-copalyl diphosphate
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additional information
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the enzyme prefers normal and syn-copalyl diphosphate over ent-copalyl diphosphate
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?
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evolution
plants have extensively diversified their arsenal of labdane-related diterpenoids (LRDs), in part via gene duplication and neo-functionalization of the ancestral ent-kaurene synthase (KS) required for gibberellin metabolism. Ricinus communis contains 4 RcKSL isozymes, molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that RcKSL1 is significantly more closely related to dicotyl ent-kaurene synthases (KSs), while the other three, RcKSL2-4, cluster separately. RcKSL2-4 are in close proximity to each other, within a region of 65 kb, with RcKSL2 and 4 occurring as a tandem gene pair. RcKSL1 is the only isozyme to react with ent-CPP producing small amounts of ent-kaurene, and is referred to as RcKS1. Both RcKSL2 and RcKSL3 also are selectively reacting with ent-CPP with RcKSL2 producing primarily ent-trachylobane (70%) as well as smaller amounts of ent-kaurene (30%), and RcKSL3 producing ent-sandaracopimaradiene (94%) (EC 4.2.3.29) along with small amounts of ent-labdatriene (3%) and ent-pimaradiene (3%). RcKSL4 seems to be inactive, with no products evident from any substrate, but upon synthesis of a codon-optimized gene for the corrected aa sequence and functional analysis, RcKSL4 selectively reacts with ent-CPP and produces largely ent-beyerene (95%) along with very small amounts of ent-atiserene (4%) and ent-kaurene (1%). The enzymes belong to the terpene synthase family
evolution
PpCPS/KS is a multiproduct enzyme. It is one of the evolutionary earliest occurring plant diterpene synthases. Thus, PpCPS/KS may have been a multiproduct platform for later evolved diterpene synthases in plants
evolution
production of ent-kaurene as a precursor for important signaling molecules such as the gibberellins seems to have arisen early in plant evolution, with corresponding cyclase(s) present in all land plants (i.e., embryophyta). The relevant enzymes seem to represent fusion of the class II diterpene cyclase that produces the intermediate ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) and the subsequently acting class I diterpene synthase that produces ent-kaurene, although the bifunctionality of the ancestral gene is only retained in certain early diverging plants, with gene duplication and sub-functionalization leading to distinct ent-CPP synthases and ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) generally observed
evolution
production of ent-kaurene as a precursor for important signaling molecules such as the gibberellins seems to have arisen early in plant evolution, with corresponding cyclase(s) present in all land plants (i.e., embryophyta). The relevant enzymes seem to represent fusion of the class II diterpene cyclase that produces the intermediate ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) and the subsequently acting class I diterpene synthase that produces ent-kaurene, although the bifunctionality of the ancestral gene is only retained in certain early diverging plants, with gene duplication and sub-functionalization leading to distinct ent-CPP synthases and ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) generally observed
evolution
production of ent-kaurene as a precursor for important signaling molecules such as the gibberellins seems to have arisen early in plant evolution, with corresponding cyclase(s) present in all land plants (i.e., embryophyta). The relevant enzymes seem to represent fusion of the class II diterpene cyclase that produces the intermediate ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) and the subsequently acting class I diterpene synthase that produces ent-kaurene, although the bifunctionality of the ancestral gene is only retained in certain early diverging plants, with gene duplication and sub-functionalization leading to distinct ent-CPP synthases and ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) generally observed
evolution
production of ent-kaurene as a precursor for important signaling molecules such as the gibberellins seems to have arisen early in plant evolution, with corresponding cyclase(s) present in all land plants (i.e., embryophyta). The relevant enzymes seem to represent fusion of the class II diterpene cyclase that produces the intermediate ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) and the subsequently acting class I diterpene synthase that produces ent-kaurene, although the bifunctionality of the ancestral gene is only retained in certain early diverging plants, with gene duplication and sub-functionalization leading to distinct ent-CPP synthases and ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) generally observed
evolution
production of ent-kaurene as a precursor for important signaling molecules such as the gibberellins seems to have arisen early in plant evolution, with corresponding cyclase(s) present in all land plants (i.e., embryophyta). The relevant enzymes seem to represent fusion of the class II diterpene cyclase that produces the intermediate ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) and the subsequently acting class I diterpene synthase that produces ent-kaurene, although the bifunctionality of the ancestral gene is only retained in certain early diverging plants, with gene duplication and sub-functionalization leading to distinct ent-CPP synthases and ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) generally observed
evolution
production of ent-kaurene as a precursor for important signaling molecules such as the gibberellins seems to have arisen early in plant evolution, with corresponding cyclase(s) present in all land plants (i.e., embryophyta). The relevant enzymes seem to represent fusion of the class II diterpene cyclase that produces the intermediate ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) and the subsequently acting class I diterpene synthase that produces ent-kaurene, although the bifunctionality of the ancestral gene is only retained in certain early diverging plants, with gene duplication and sub-functionalization leading to distinct ent-CPP synthases and ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) generally observed
evolution
the enzyme is a class I bacterial diterpene cyclase
evolution
the enzyme is a class I diterpene cyclase
evolution
the enzyme is a class I diterpene cyclase
evolution
the enzyme is a class I diterpene synthase
evolution
the enzyme is a monofunctional class I diTPS
evolution
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the enzyme is a class I bacterial diterpene cyclase
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evolution
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the enzyme is a class I diterpene cyclase
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malfunction
CPS/KS disruption mutant lines have defect in protonemal development. The differentiation of chloronemata to caulonemata is suppressed in the CPS/KS knockout mutants
malfunction
CPS/KS disruption mutant lines have defect in protonemal development. The differentiation of chloronemata to caulonemata is suppressed in the CPS/KS knockout mutants
malfunction
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CPS/KS disruption mutant lines have defect in protonemal development. The differentiation of chloronemata to caulonemata iss suppressed in the CPS/KS knockout mutants
malfunction
caulonemal differentiation in a Physcomitrella patens mutant with a disrupted bifunctional ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase/ent-kaurene synthase (PpCPS/KS) gene is suppressed under red light, and is recovered by application of ent-kaurene and ent-kaurenoic acid. Although avoidance of the blue light source is not observed in the ent-kaurene deficient mutant protonemata, chloronemal growth toward a blue-light source in the mutant is suppressed by application of ent-kaurenoic acid, and the growth is rescued to that in the wild type
malfunction
substitution of threonine for a conserved isoleucine has been shown to short-circuit the complex bicyclization and rearrangement reaction catalyzed by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) after initial cyclization, leading to predominant production of ent-pimaradiene, at least in KSs from angiosperms. This effect extends to KSs from earlier diverging plants (i.e., bryophytes), including a bifunctional/KS. A dramatic effect of this single residue switch on product outcome to electrostatic stabilization of the ent-pimarenyl carbocation intermediate formed upon initial cyclization by the hydroxyl introduced by threonine substitution is paralleled by similar effects from substitution of alanine
malfunction
substitution of threonine for a conserved isoleucine has been shown to short-circuit the complex bicyclization and rearrangement reaction catalyzed by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) after initial cyclization, leading to predominant production of ent-pimaradiene, at least in KSs from angiosperms. This effect extends to KSs from earlier diverging plants (i.e., bryophytes), including a bifunctional/KS. A dramatic effect of this single residue switch on product outcome to electrostatic stabilization of the ent-pimarenyl carbocation intermediate formed upon initial cyclization by the hydroxyl introduced by threonine substitution is paralleled by similar effects from substitution of alanine
malfunction
substitution of threonine for a conserved isoleucine has been shown to short-circuit the complex bicyclization and rearrangement reaction catalyzed by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) after initial cyclization, leading to predominant production of ent-pimaradiene, at least in KSs from angiosperms. This effect extends to KSs from earlier diverging plants (i.e., bryophytes), including a bifunctional/KS. A dramatic effect of this single residue switch on product outcome to electrostatic stabilization of the ent-pimarenyl carbocation intermediate formed upon initial cyclization by the hydroxyl introduced by threonine substitution is paralleled by similar effects from substitution of alanine
malfunction
substitution of threonine for a conserved isoleucine has been shown to short-circuit the complex bicyclization and rearrangement reaction catalyzed by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) after initial cyclization, leading to predominant production of ent-pimaradiene, at least in KSs from angiosperms. This effect extends to KSs from earlier diverging plants (i.e., bryophytes), including a bifunctional/KS. A dramatic effect of this single residue switch on product outcome to electrostatic stabilization of the ent-pimarenyl carbocation intermediate formed upon initial cyclization by the hydroxyl introduced by threonine substitution is paralleled by similar effects from substitution of alanine
malfunction
substitution of threonine for a conserved isoleucine has been shown to short-circuit the complex bicyclization and rearrangement reaction catalyzed by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) after initial cyclization, leading to predominant production of ent-pimaradiene, at least in KSs from angiosperms. This effect extends to KSs from earlier diverging plants (i.e., bryophytes), including a bifunctional/KS. A dramatic effect of this single residue switch on product outcome to electrostatic stabilization of the ent-pimarenyl carbocation intermediate formed upon initial cyclization by the hydroxyl introduced by threonine substitution is paralleled by similar effects from substitution of alanine
malfunction
substitution of threonine for a conserved isoleucine has been shown to short-circuit the complex bicyclization and rearrangement reaction catalyzed by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs) after initial cyclization, leading to predominant production of ent-pimaradiene, at least in KSs from angiosperms. This effect extends to KSs from earlier diverging plants (i.e., bryophytes), including a bifunctional/KS. A dramatic effect of this single residue switch on product outcome to electrostatic stabilization of the ent-pimarenyl carbocation intermediate formed upon initial cyclization by the hydroxyl introduced by threonine substitution is paralleled by similar effects from substitution of alanine
metabolism
class I bacterial diterpene cyclase, ent-kaurene synthase (BjKS) catalyzes the cyclization of ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP), which is produced by the separate (class II) enzyme, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (ent-CPPS, EC 5.5.1.13) from geranylgeranyl diphosphate, to ent-kaurene
metabolism
gibberellins (GAs) are ubiquitous diterpenoids in higher plants, whereas some higher plants produce unique species-specific diterpenoids. In gibberellins biosynthesis, ent-kaurene synthase and ent-kaurene oxidase are key players which catalyze early step(s) of the cyclization and oxidation reactions
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes a step in the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. The tanshinone biosynthetic pathway is uniquely initiated by a sequential pair of cyclization reactions catalyzed by SmCPS1 and SmKSL1 to produce abietane miltiradiene. Enzyme SmCPSent catalyzes the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP), which is converted to ent-kaurene by ent-kaurene synthase, SmKS. ent-Kaurene oxidase (SmKO) then catalyzes the three-step oxidation of ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in gibberellin biosynthesis
metabolism
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones. Production of ent-kaur-16-ene from the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) proceeds via two distinct bicyclization reactions. The first is catalyzed by copalyl diphosphate synthases (CPSs, EC 5.5.1.13) that are representative of class II diterpene cyclases and produce ent-copalyl diphosphate. This is then subsequently further cyclized and rearranged by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs)
metabolism
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones. Production of ent-kaur-16-ene from the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) proceeds via two distinct bicyclization reactions. The first is catalyzed by copalyl diphosphate synthases (CPSs, EC 5.5.1.13) that are representative of class II diterpene cyclases and produce ent-copalyl diphosphate. This is then subsequently further cyclized and rearranged by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs)
metabolism
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones. Production of ent-kaur-16-ene from the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) proceeds via two distinct bicyclization reactions. The first is catalyzed by copalyl diphosphate synthases (CPSs, EC 5.5.1.13) that are representative of class II diterpene cyclases and produce ent-copalyl diphosphate. This is then subsequently further cyclized and rearranged by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs)
metabolism
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones. Production of ent-kaur-16-ene from the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) proceeds via two distinct bicyclization reactions. The first is catalyzed by copalyl diphosphate synthases (CPSs, EC 5.5.1.13) that are representative of class II diterpene cyclases and produce ent-copalyl diphosphate. This is then subsequently further cyclized and rearranged by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs)
metabolism
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones. Production of ent-kaur-16-ene from the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) proceeds via two distinct bicyclization reactions. The first is catalyzed by copalyl diphosphate synthases (CPSs, EC 5.5.1.13) that are representative of class II diterpene cyclases and produce ent-copalyl diphosphate. This is then subsequently further cyclized and rearranged by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs)
metabolism
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones. Production of ent-kaur-16-ene from the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) proceeds via two distinct bicyclization reactions. The first is catalyzed by copalyl diphosphate synthases (CPSs, EC 5.5.1.13) that are representative of class II diterpene cyclases and produce ent-copalyl diphosphate. This is then subsequently further cyclized and rearranged by ent-kaurene synthases (KSs)
metabolism
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class I bacterial diterpene cyclase, ent-kaurene synthase (BjKS) catalyzes the cyclization of ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP), which is produced by the separate (class II) enzyme, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (ent-CPPS, EC 5.5.1.13) from geranylgeranyl diphosphate, to ent-kaurene
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physiological function
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enzyme overexpression results in elevated gibberellic acid production
physiological function
copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase from the moss Physcomitrella patens (PpCPS/KS) is a bifunctional diterpene synthase and catalyses the formation of at least four diterpenes, including ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene
physiological function
ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) is produced by the separate (class II) enzyme, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (ent-CPPS, EC 5.5.1.13), from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. The ent-kaur-16-ene synthase then catalyzes the cyclization of ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) to ent-kaurene
physiological function
enzyme SdKS catalyzes a cyclization reaction from ent-copalyl diphosphate to ent-kaurene and is a key enzyme in the gibberellins biosynthesis
physiological function
geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is an essential precursor in the biosynthesis of several diterpenes including ent-kaurene via formation of ent-copalyl diphosphate. Effect of isoprenoid precursors on ent-copalyl diphosphate and ent-kaurene production, ent-kaurene is quantified using GC-MS analysis
physiological function
plants have extensively diversified their arsenal of labdane-related diterpenoids (LRDs), in part via gene duplication and neo-functionalization of the ancestral ent-kaurene synthase (KS) required for gibberellin metabolism
physiological function
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the enzyme is involved in defense mechanisms in rice roots
physiological function
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones
physiological function
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones
physiological function
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones
physiological function
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones
physiological function
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones
physiological function
the enzyme produces the diterpene ent-kaur-16-ene, which in vascular plants (i.e., tracheophytes) serves as an intermediate in biosynthesis of the gibberellin phytohormones
physiological function
the moss Physcomitrella patens possesses parts of the gibberellins biosynthetic pathway, from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to ent-kaurenoic acid, but no gibberellins are found in this species. Derivatives of ent-kaurenoic acid, not gibberellins, might act as endogenous developmental regulators. Blue light regulates ent-kaurene biosynthesis and avoidance response to protonemal growth. When protonemata of the wild-type plants are incubated under blue light, the chloronemal filaments grow in the opposite direction to the light source. Regulators derived from ent-kaurenoic acid are strongly involved not only in the growth regulation of caulonemal differentiation under red light, but also in the light avoidance response of chloronemal growth under blue light. In particular, growth under blue light is regulated via the PpCPS/KS gene
physiological function
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ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) is produced by the separate (class II) enzyme, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (ent-CPPS, EC 5.5.1.13), from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. The ent-kaur-16-ene synthase then catalyzes the cyclization of ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) to ent-kaurene
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additional information
the enzyme amino acid sequence contains a DDFFD motif but lacks the DxDD motif, indicating that SmKS is a plant KS protein with monofunctional class I diTPS activity
additional information
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the enzyme amino acid sequence contains a DDFFD motif but lacks the DxDD motif, indicating that SmKS is a plant KS protein with monofunctional class I diTPS activity
additional information
the enzyme contains the highly conserved DDXXD sequence
additional information
the hydroxyl group of the Thr638 side chain enables occasional addition of water
additional information
the hydroxyl group of the Thr664 side chain enables occasional addition of water
additional information
the production of manoyl oxide proceeds from a substrate wherein oxygen is already present in the form of a hydroxyl group added during bicyclization of the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to 8alpha-hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate catalysed by recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase mutant H263A, EC 5.5.1.13. 8alpha-Hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate is then converted to ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide by the modified ent-kaurene synthase function of enzyme FfCPS/KS mutant H212A
additional information
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the production of manoyl oxide proceeds from a substrate wherein oxygen is already present in the form of a hydroxyl group added during bicyclization of the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to 8alpha-hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate catalysed by recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase mutant H263A, EC 5.5.1.13. 8alpha-Hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate is then converted to ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide by the modified ent-kaurene synthase function of enzyme PpCPS/KS mutant H302A
additional information
the production of manoyl oxide proceeds from a substrate wherein oxygen is already present in the form of a hydroxyl group added during bicyclization of the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to 8alpha-hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate catalysed by recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase mutant H263A, EC 5.5.1.13. 8alpha-Hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate is then converted to ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide by the modified ent-kaurene synthase function of enzyme PpCPS/KS mutant H302A
additional information
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the enzyme contains the highly conserved DDXXD sequence
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additional information
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the production of manoyl oxide proceeds from a substrate wherein oxygen is already present in the form of a hydroxyl group added during bicyclization of the general diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to 8alpha-hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate catalysed by recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase mutant H263A, EC 5.5.1.13. 8alpha-Hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate is then converted to ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide by the modified ent-kaurene synthase function of enzyme FfCPS/KS mutant H212A
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I368A
the mutant produces ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, ent-kaur-16-ene, 8alpha-hydroxy-ent-pimara-15-ene, and ent-pimara-7,15-diene from ent-copalyl diphosphate
I368S
the mutant produces ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene and 8alpha-hydroxy-ent-pimara-15-ene from ent-copalyl diphosphate
I368T
the mutant produces ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene from ent-copalyl diphosphate
I368V
the mutant produces ent-kaur-16-ene from ent-copalyl diphosphate
I638A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces a mixture of four products, pedominantly ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, and a small amount of the double bond isomer ent-pimara-7,15-diene, and variable amounts of ent-kaur-16-ene, as well as substantial amounts of 8a-hydroxy-ent-pimar-15-ene
I638S
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces a mixture of four products, pedominantly ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, and a small amount of the double bond isomer ent-pimara-7,15-diene, and variable amounts of ent-kaur-16-ene, as well as substantial amounts of 8a-hydroxy-ent-pimar-15-ene
I638T
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces a mixture of four products, pedominantly ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, and small amounts of the double bond isomer ent-pimara-7,15-diene and 8a-hydroxy-ent-pimar-15-ene, and variable amounts of ent-kaur-16-ene
I638V
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows unaltered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme and produces just ent-kaur-16-ene
D75A
site-directed mutagenesis
D75C
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant crystal structure determination and analysis
D79C
site-directed mutagenesis
R204A
site-directed mutagenesis
D75A
-
site-directed mutagenesis
-
D75C
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant crystal structure determination and analysis
-
D79C
-
site-directed mutagenesis
-
R204A
-
site-directed mutagenesis
-
I664A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces significant amounts of 8alpha-hydroxy-ent-pimara-15-ene generated by addition of water prior to deprotonation, it also produces ent-copalol, the dephosphorylated derivative of ent-copalyl diphosphate
I664S
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces significant amounts of 8alpha-hydroxy-ent-pimara-15-ene generated by addition of water prior to deprotonation, it also produces ent-copalol, the dephosphorylated derivative of ent-copalyl diphosphate
I664T
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces high amounts of ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, it also produces ent-copalol, the dephosphorylated derivative of ent-copalyl diphosphate
I664V
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces ent-isokaurene and ent-copalol, the dephosphorylated derivative of ent-copalyl diphosphate
A710C
no change in reaction product profile compared to wild-type
A710F
mutant converts geranylgeranyl diphosphate to ent-kaurene as the sole product
A710G
no change in reaction product profile compared to wild-type
A710M
mutant converted geranylgeranyl diphosphate to ent-kaurene as the sole product
A710N
no change in reaction product profile compared to wild-type
A710S
no change in reaction product profile compared to wild-type
D635A/D636A
mutation of the DDYFD motif in the kaurene synthase domain
I619A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme
A676T
site-directed mutagenesis of isozyme RcKSL2, mutation of the catalytically important residue results in 60fold increased product amount composed of essentially the same mix of ent-trachylobane and ent-kaurene as observed for the wild-type enzyme
H212A
the mutant shows altered substrate specificity compared to wild-type, the single histidine to alanine mutation converts FfCPS/KS into a bifunctional ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide synthase
H212A
-
the mutant shows altered substrate specificity compared to wild-type, the single histidine to alanine mutation converts FfCPS/KS into a bifunctional ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide synthase
-
I645T
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces almost entirely ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, reaction of EC 4.2.3.30
I645T
the mutant produces ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene from ent-copalyl diphosphate
H302A
the mutant efficiently produces ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide from geranylgeranyl diphosphate
H302A
the mutant shows altered substrate specificity compared to wild-type, the single histidine to alanine mutation converts PpCPS/KS into a bifunctional ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide synthase
I741T
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows altered product spectrum compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant produces almost entirely ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, reaction of EC 4.2.3.30
I741T
the mutant produces ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene from ent-copalyl diphosphate
additional information
-
construction of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection system, overexpressing KS leads to increased ent-kaurene production but not to an increase in bioactive gibberellins, no altered morphology or phenotype compared to wild-type plants
additional information
-
construction of chimeric proteins of Physcomitrella patens PpCPS/KS with Jungermannia subulata, the chimeric cyclases Pp131-566 /Js574-86 and Pp131-504 /Js512-886 and produce only ent-kaurene. Chimeric cyclases, Pp131-622 /Js630-886 and Pp131-714 /Js722-886, lose all enzymic activity
additional information
-
construction of transgenic rice mutants expressing mutated KS-like genes, the mutant plants show reduced enzyme activity, phenotype analysis and effects on gibberellin metabolism, overview
additional information
several N- and C-terminal truncated enzymes produced, all found to be inactive
additional information
-
several N- and C-terminal truncated enzymes produced, all found to be inactive
additional information
construction of chimeric proteins of Physcomitrella patens PpCPS/KS with Jungermannia subulata, the chimeric cyclases Pp131-566 /Js574-886 and Pp131-504 /Js512-886 and produce only ent-kaurene. Chimeric cyclases, Pp131-622 /Js630-886 and Pp131-714 /Js722-886, lose all enzymic activity
additional information
-
construction of chimeric proteins of Physcomitrella patens PpCPS/KS with Jungermannia subulata, the chimeric cyclases Pp131-566 /Js574-886 and Pp131-504 /Js512-886 and produce only ent-kaurene. Chimeric cyclases, Pp131-622 /Js630-886 and Pp131-714 /Js722-886, lose all enzymic activity
additional information
generation of a Physcomitrella patens CPS/KS (PpCPS/KS)-gene disruption mutant strain A74, comparisons of photomorphogenesis of protonema in the wild-type and the A74 enzyme mutant, phenotype, detailed overview
additional information
-
generation of a Physcomitrella patens CPS/KS (PpCPS/KS)-gene disruption mutant strain A74, comparisons of photomorphogenesis of protonema in the wild-type and the A74 enzyme mutant, phenotype, detailed overview
additional information
construction of a SmKS-SmCPSent fusion enzyme (CPSent is ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, EC 5.5.1.13), which improves the ent-kaurene precursor supply in transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SGH5 (BY-T20/pESC-Trp::SmKS-SmCPSent/SmKO + pESC-Leu::SmCPR1)
additional information
-
construction of a SmKS-SmCPSent fusion enzyme (CPSent is ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, EC 5.5.1.13), which improves the ent-kaurene precursor supply in transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SGH5 (BY-T20/pESC-Trp::SmKS-SmCPSent/SmKO + pESC-Leu::SmCPR1)
additional information
-
a synthetic ent-kaurene module, expressing Stevia rebaudiana CPPS and KS, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides GGPPS (crtE gene), is constructed for ent-kaurene production in diverse Escherichia coli strains, best in strain MG1655, method optimization, several crtE genes from Rhodobacter species are validated, overview
additional information
a synthetic ent-kaurene module, expressing Stevia rebaudiana CPPS and KS, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides GGPPS (crtE gene), is constructed for ent-kaurene production in diverse Escherichia coli strains, best in strain MG1655, method optimization, several crtE genes from Rhodobacter species are validated, overview
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as a GST-fusion protein for expression in Escherichia coli
DNA and amino acid sequence determination of genes KS1-9, chromosomal localizations, gene KS9 is a pseudogene, phylogenetic analysis, overview
-
expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion protein with maltose-binding protein, enzyme exclusively shows EC 4.2.3.19 activity
-
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and MG1655 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells
-
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells
-
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21DE-C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21DE3-C41 cells
-
expressed in Escherichia coli C41 (DE3) cells
expressed in Escherichia coli C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli JM109 as glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein, enzyme shows EC 4.2.3.19 and EC 5.5.1.13 activity
expressed in Escherichia coli JM109, enzyme shows EC 4.2.3.19 and EC 5.5.1.13 activity
expressed in Escherichia coli M15(DE3) cells
expressed in Escherichia coli OverExpress C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli strain C41
-
expressed in Escherichia coli strain Top10F-
expressed in Escherichia coli Top10 cells
gene KS, phylogenetic tree, quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis, functional recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain C41(DE3), GC-MS analysis of diterpene products from hexane extracts of recombinant Escherichia coli harboring the pSdGGeC and pSdKS vectors
gene KS1, a synthetic ent-kaurene module, expressing Stevia rebaudiana CPPS and KS, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides GGPPS (crtE gene), is constructed for ent-kaurene production in diverse Escherichia coli strains, best in strain MG1655
gene PHYPA_009773, quantitative real-time PCR and semiquantitative RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene PHYPA_009773, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain C41, transient expression of PpCPSKS with the suppressor of silencing P19 in leafs of 4-weeks-old Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL-1 mediated transformation
in Escherichia coli as glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein
into the pTD1 vector as a fusion of copalyl diphosphate synthase and ent-kaurene synthase for in vitro expression
isozyme determination and phylogenetic analysis and tree, sequence comparisons, overview. Synthetic RcKS(L) isozymes are truncated to remove the N-terminal plastid-directing transit peptide sequences, they are individually subcloned into compatible expression vectors and each coexpressed with either the geranylgeranyl phosphate synthase (GGPS), or the GGPS along with a CPS (EC 5.5.1.13) for recombinant expression in Escherichia coli
overexpression of CPS and KS in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, expression in Escherichia coli
-
recombinant expression of enzyme mutant H212A in Escherichia coli
recombinant expression of enzyme mutant H302A in Escherichia coli
recombinant expression of thioredoxin- and His-tagged wild-type and mutant enzymes with or without selenium-methionine labeling in Escherichia coli strain BL21trxB (DE3)
sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain C41(DE3)
sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of wild-type enzyme in Escherichia coli strain C41(DE3)
SmKS DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of full-length enzyme from cDNA, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis and tree, recombinant enzyme expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY-T20
expressed in Escherichia coli C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli OverExpress C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli OverExpress C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli OverExpress C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli OverExpress C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli OverExpress C41 cells
expressed in Escherichia coli OverExpress C41 cells
sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain C41(DE3)
sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain C41(DE3)
sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain C41(DE3)
sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain C41(DE3)
sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain C41(DE3)
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Sphaceloma manihoticola (B5DBY7), Sphaceloma manihoticola, Sphaceloma manihoticola Lu949 (B5DBY7)
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-
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103
13
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Ricinus communis (B9SIL7), Ricinus communis
brenda
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Blue-light irradiation up-regulates the ent-kaurene synthase gene and affects the avoidance response of protonemal growth in Physcomitrella patens
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240
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Structure, function and inhibition of ent-kaurene synthase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum
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4
6214
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