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(Z)-ajoene + NADPH + H+
4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene + 4,8,9,13-tetrathiahexadeca-1,6,10,15-tetraene + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone + NADPH
?
1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH + H+
?
1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2 ajoene + 4 NADPH + 4 H+
4,8,9,13-tetrathiahexadeca-1,6,1,15-tetraene + 4 NADP+ + 2 allylmercaptan
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,5-bis(ethylamino)-3,6-di(aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) + NADPH + H+
2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
9,10-phenanthrene quinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
ajoene + NADPH + H+
4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene + NADP+ + H2O
AuCl4- + NADPH + H+
?
-
formation of gold nanoparticles at the active site of glutathione reductase that are tightly bound through the catalytic cysteines. The nanoparticles can be removed from the glutathione reductase active site with thiol reagents such as 2-mercaptoethanol
-
-
?
bis-N,N'-(gamma-glutamylcystine) + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
r
bis-N-chloro-gamma-L-glutamyl derivative of GSSG + NADPH + H+
? + glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
diallyl trisulfide + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
diethyl [2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diyl]biscarbamate + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
ferricyanide + NADPH + H+
ferrocyanide + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
glutathione + NADP+
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
2 glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
glutathione-S-sulfonate + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
GSSG + NADPH + H+
GSH + NADP+
peroxynitrite + NADPH
nitrite + H2O + NADP+
quinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
quinoxaline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
S-allylmercaptoglutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 S-allylmercaptoglutathione + NADP+
S-nitrosoglutathione + NADPH + H+
? + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
trimethyl-aziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
trypanothione + NADPH
reduced trypanothione + NADP+
additional information
?
-
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2 ajoene + 4 NADPH + 4 H+
4,8,9,13-tetrathiahexadeca-1,6,1,15-tetraene + 4 NADP+ + 2 allylmercaptan
-
i.e. (E,Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene-9-oxide, substrate and inhibitor
-
?
2 ajoene + 4 NADPH + 4 H+
4,8,9,13-tetrathiahexadeca-1,6,1,15-tetraene + 4 NADP+ + 2 allylmercaptan
-
also formation of single-electron reduced product and concomitantly superoxide anion radicals
-
?
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
ajoene + NADPH + H+
4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene + NADP+ + H2O
-
i.e. (E,Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene-9-oxide, substrate and inhibitor
-
?
ajoene + NADPH + H+
4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene + NADP+ + H2O
-
also formation of single-electron reduced product and concomitantly superoxide anion radicals
-
?
glutathione + NADP+
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
-
mixed disulfide of CoA and glutathione
-
-
r
glutathione + NADP+
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
-
mixed disulfide of CoA and glutathione
-
-
r
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
NADH is used as a coenzyme with a lower efficiency (32.7%) than NADPH
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADH + H+
glutathione + NAD+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme is required for disposal of peroxides and radicals especially in the brain
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
optimum ionic strength is 435 mM
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
key enzyme in maintaining the reducing environment in the cell, maintainance of sulfhydryl redox potential in the cytoplasm
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
optimum ionic strength is 0.75 M using Tris-HCl buffer in presence of EDTA
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme is required for disposal of peroxides and radicals especially in the brain
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme produces glutathione in spermatozoa which is required for reduction and antioxidant defense by glutathione peroxidase, enzyme is involved in protection of the cells against oxidative damage, regulatory of pentose phosphate pathway, pathway overview
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
enzyme contains an active site disulfide/dithiol depending on the redox status
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme contains an active site disulfide/dithiol depending on the redox status
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
antioxidant enzyme, protects the pancreatic cell against reactive oxygen species involved in the diabetogenic agent-induced dysfunction of pancreatic-beta-cells
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
CDJ91018
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
WP_010214957
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
WP_010214957
the enzyme is an important oxidoreductase that helps maintain redox homeostasis
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
671910, 673194, 673458, 674175, 674440, 677215, 690147, 696681, 699224, 711008, 712066, 725616 -
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
using levels up to 300 mM NADP+ and 1 mM glutathione, the enzyme does not catalyse the reverse reaction, indicating that its physiological function is the reduction of GSSG or GSNO but not the opposite
-
ir
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
specific for GSSG
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
methylene blue and L-cystine slowly
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
no activity
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
high intracellular concentration of glutathione is important for functionality of thiol groups of cellular proteins
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
serves in detoxification
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
serves in detoxification
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
high GSSG level in dormant stage
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
highly specific for GSSG
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
ferricyanide and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as electron acceptors
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?, ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
highly specific for GSSG
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
highly specific for GSSG
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
highly specific for GSSG
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
highly specific for GSSG
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
slight activity with D,L-lipoate
-
?, ir, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione
-
?, ir, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
role in cell division cycle and in stress adaption on cellular level
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
probably major source of NADP+ for the pentose phosphate pathway in the lens
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
special role in cells that do no longer produce macromolecules
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of high levels of GSH in cytoplasm
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
serves in detoxification
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
methylene blue as electron acceptor
-
?, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?, ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione
-
?, ir, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
serves in detoxification
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme plays a key role in nutrient-induced increase in the thiol content of pancreatic-islet cells and this increase itself participates in the coupling of metabolic to secretory events
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?, ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione or other disulfides, e.g.: bis-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cystinyl-bis-beta-alanine
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
mixed disulfide between coenzyme A and glutathione
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
slight activity with bis-N,N'-(gamma-glutamylcystine)
-
?, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
glutathione-S-sulfonate
-
?, r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
no activity
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
reverse reaction only if very high concentration of NADP+ and glutathione present
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
S-sulfoglutathione and some mixed disulfides, with the exception of the mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and GSH, are poor substrates
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
highly specific for GSSG
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
GSH + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
GSH + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH + H+
GSH + NADP+
-
-
-
?
menadione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
menadione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
peroxynitrite + NADPH
nitrite + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
?
peroxynitrite + NADPH
nitrite + H2O + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
quinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
quinoline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
quinoxaline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
quinoxaline-5,8-dione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
S-allylmercaptoglutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 S-allylmercaptoglutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
S-allylmercaptoglutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 S-allylmercaptoglutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
trypanothione + NADPH
reduced trypanothione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
trypanothione + NADPH
reduced trypanothione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
trypanothione + NADPH
reduced trypanothione + NADP+
recombinant glutathione-trypanothione reductase-like enzyme
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
oxidized lipoamide and oxidized lipoic acid
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
branched mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
branched mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is connected to neuronal loss during progression of neurodegenerative disorders
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
active with diverse FAD analogues, dependent on orientation of the cofactor
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glutathione redox cycle
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
drug resistance to doxorubicin or selenite does not influence the enzyme activity in lung cancer cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is connected to neuronal loss during progression of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
prior inhibition of glutathione reductase activity protects against the toxicity of Cr6+ to a significant extent, suggesting that it reduces Cr6+ to a toxic metabolite
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
branched mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme forms a disulfide bond formation system together with glutathione peroxidase GPx4, selenium regulates the enzyme expression pattern
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme can catalyze isomerization of protein and interprotein disulfide bonds, the function is localized in the thiol domain
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is not effective to reduce cystine, lipoamide, nor trypanothione disulfide
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the antioxidant enzyme is important in the parasite sensitive to oxidative stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
branched mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme forms a disulfide bond formation system together with glutathione peroxidase GPx4
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme can catalyze isomerization of protein and interprotein disulfide bonds, the function is localized in the thiol domain
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bisubstrate mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no substrates: dithiolethiones and dithiolones
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
modulation of the redox state of tubulin by an artificial glutathione/glutaredoxin reductase system, repair of peroxynitrite-induced disulfides in porcine brain tubulin, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with L-gamma-glutamyl-2-methyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine disulfide
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: cysteamine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
low transhydrogenase activity with oxidized pyridine nucleotide analogs and diaphorase activity with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as acceptor substrates, NADPH and NADH as donors
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme has the ability to utilize both NADPH and NADH as electron donors
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme has the ability to utilize both NADPH and NADH as electron donors
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
S-allylmercaptoglutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 S-allylmercaptoglutathione + NADP+
additional information
?
-
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme is required for disposal of peroxides and radicals especially in the brain
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
key enzyme in maintaining the reducing environment in the cell, maintainance of sulfhydryl redox potential in the cytoplasm
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
r
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme is required for disposal of peroxides and radicals especially in the brain
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme produces glutathione in spermatozoa which is required for reduction and antioxidant defense by glutathione peroxidase, enzyme is involved in protection of the cells against oxidative damage, regulatory of pentose phosphate pathway, pathway overview
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
antioxidant enzyme, protects the pancreatic cell against reactive oxygen species involved in the diabetogenic agent-induced dysfunction of pancreatic-beta-cells
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
WP_010214957
the enzyme is an important oxidoreductase that helps maintain redox homeostasis
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
specific for GSSG
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
high intracellular concentration of glutathione is important for functionality of thiol groups of cellular proteins
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
serves in detoxification
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
serves in detoxification
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
high GSSG level in dormant stage
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
role in cell division cycle and in stress adaption on cellular level
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
probably major source of NADP+ for the pentose phosphate pathway in the lens
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
special role in cells that do no longer produce macromolecules
-
-
r
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of high levels of GSH in cytoplasm
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
serves in detoxification
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
serves in detoxification
-
-
ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
enzyme plays a key role in nutrient-induced increase in the thiol content of pancreatic-islet cells and this increase itself participates in the coupling of metabolic to secretory events
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
production of substrate for: glutathione peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9, glutathione-homocystine oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.1, glutathione-protein disulfide oxidoreductase EC 1.8.4.2
-
-
?, ir
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
maintenance of glutathione/GSSG ratio is a protective mechanism for intracellular thiols during growth in atmospheric oxygen
-
-
?
GSSG + NADPH
glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
S-allylmercaptoglutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 S-allylmercaptoglutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
S-allylmercaptoglutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+
2 S-allylmercaptoglutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is connected to neuronal loss during progression of neurodegenerative disorders
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glutathione redox cycle
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
drug resistance to doxorubicin or selenite does not influence the enzyme activity in lung cancer cells
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is connected to neuronal loss during progression of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
prior inhibition of glutathione reductase activity protects against the toxicity of Cr6+ to a significant extent, suggesting that it reduces Cr6+ to a toxic metabolite
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme forms a disulfide bond formation system together with glutathione peroxidase GPx4, selenium regulates the enzyme expression pattern
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the antioxidant enzyme is important in the parasite sensitive to oxidative stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme forms a disulfide bond formation system together with glutathione peroxidase GPx4
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
modulation of the redox state of tubulin by an artificial glutathione/glutaredoxin reductase system, repair of peroxynitrite-induced disulfides in porcine brain tubulin, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with L-gamma-glutamyl-2-methyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine disulfide
-
-
?
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(1R(S),2R(S),3S(R),4S(R))-2,3-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,4-diyl dinitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
(1R(S),2R(S),4R(S),5R(S))-2,5-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,4-diyl dinitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
(1S(R),2S(R),5R(S),6R(S))-5-bromo-9-oxabicyclo[4.2.1] nonan-2-yl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
(1S(R),3S(R),4S(R),6S(R))-4,6-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,3-diyl dinitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
(2R(S),7R(S))-7-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
(2S(R),7R(S))-7-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-yl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
(9R(S))-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalen-2R(S)-yl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
1,2-bis[methylsulfonyl]-1-[2-[chloroethyl]-2-(methylamino)carbonyl]hydrazine
-
0.05 mM, 28% inhibition
1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
-
significant inhibition of recombinant isoform GR1 is observed at high concentrations of 1 mM and above
1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl) 1-nitrosourea
1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
1,3-bis[2-chloroethyl]-2-nitrosourea
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
1,9-dimethyl methylene blue
-
-
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea
-
-
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
-
reversible
1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
-
reversible
1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-5(1H)-yl)pyridinium
poor inhibitor
11-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)undecanoic acid
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonate
2,4-dihydroxybenzylamine
-
specific inhibitor, complete inhibition at 0.001 mM
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
-
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
-
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
-
2,5-bis(ethylamino)-3,6-di(aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
2-acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxy-ethylsulfanylthio carbonylamino)phenylthiocarbamoylsulfanyl]propionic acid
-
irreversible and selective glutathione reductase inhibitor, almost complete inhibition at 0.1 mM for 1 h, thereafter, the enzyme activity starts to return and reaches 63% of the control at the end of 8 h
2-acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethylsulfanylthiocarbonylamino)phenylthiocarbamoylsulfanyl]propionic acid
-
irreversible glutathione reductase inhibitor
2-Chloroethylisocyanate
-
-
2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
2-methyl-5-(1-naphthyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
2-methyl-5-pyridin-4-yl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
3'-hydroxy-4'-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6'''-O-acetyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
-
-
3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-aminium
-
3-[5-[8-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)octyl]-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile
4,5-dichloro-N-octylisothiazol-3-one
-
-
5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
5-(1-anthryl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
5-(3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
-
-
5-(3alpha-hydroxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
-
-
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-fluoro-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
5-(pentafluorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
5-chloro-N-methylisothiazol-3-one
-
-
5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
5-nitro-2-furoic acid
-
-
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
6-[2-(3-fluoromethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
6-[2-(3-methyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
8-azido-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
9,10-phenanthrene quinone
acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate
acylfulvene
-
reversible inhibition, less than 10% residual activity at 1.25 mM, inhibition by 1.0 or 1.25 mM acylfulvene is reduced by 30% in the presence of NDPH
ajoene
-
i.e. (E,Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene-9-oxide, natural compound from garlic, Allium sativum, covalent inhibition, but also substrate; time- and temperature-dependent inhibition, mixed disulfide between cative site Cys58 and the inhibitor, modified enzyme shows a markedly increased oxidative activity
apigenin
-
flavonone, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
auranofin
-
complete inhibition of both enzyme reductase activities at 10 nM
Baicalin
-
slightly, flavone glycoside, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
bis[1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazole-2-amine,3,4-dihydro-4-(2-imidazole)]copper(II) bromide
-
bis[1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazole-2-amine,3,4-dihydro-4-(2-thiophene)]copper(II) bromide
-
CaCl2
-
0.25 mM, 9.1% loss of activity
captopril
-
20 mM, 46.6% decrease of activity
catechin
-
slightly, catechin, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
CdCl2
-
0.25 mM, 80.9% loss of activity
ceftazidime
-
competitive inhibition
ceftriaxone
-
competitive inhibition
cefuroxime
-
competitive inhibition
chloramphenicol
-
competitive inhibition
chloro[N(4)-ortho-chlorophenyl-2-acetylpyridinethiosemicarbazonato]gold(III)dichloroaurate(I)
-
in addition, the complex is highly cytotoxic to MCF-7 and HT29 cells
chrysin
-
slightly, flavonone, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
CoCl2
-
0.25 mM, 72.7% loss of activity
Cr3+
-
competitive inhibition
CrCl2
-
0.25 mM, 52.7% loss of activity
Cu+
-
presence of Cu+ inhibits noncompetitively with respect to the substrate GSSG and NADPH and inactivates with the cleavage of a peptide bond of the enzyme. Inactivation/fragmentation is prevented by addition of catalase
CuCl2
-
0.25 mM, 79.7% loss of activity
dantrolene
-
non-competitive inhibition
diclofenac sodium
-
competitive inhibition
diethyl dicarbonate
-
chloroplast enzyme, 100% inhibition at 4 mM, 23% inhibition at 1 mM
diethyl [2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diyl]biscarbamate
-
-
dinitrosated isomers of N,N'-bis[N(2-chloroethyl)-N-carbonyl]cysteamine
-
-
-
EDTA
-
0.25 mM, 71.8% loss of activity
epicatechin
-
slightly, catechin, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
epicatechin gallate
-
slightly, catechin, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
epigallocatechin
-
slightly, catechin, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
epigallocatechin gallate
-
catechin, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
ethyl [5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate
ethyl [5-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate
-
etomidate
-
competitive inhibition
FeCl2
-
0.25 mM, 55.5% loss of activity
fisetin
-
flavonol, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
Furosemide
-
noncompetitive
gadopentetic acid
-
non-competitive inhibition
GSH
-
With regard to GSSG as variable substrate at fixed NADPH concentration (0.1 mM), GSH is a non-competitive inhibitor. With regard to NADPH as variable substrate at fixed GSSG concentration, GSH is a non-competitive inhibitor
H2O2
-
inactivates with the cleavage of a peptide bond of the enzyme. Inactivation/fragmentation is prevented by addition of catalase
Haemin
-
mediates covalent cross-linking and degradation of the enzyme
HgCl2
-
0.25 mM, 89.1% loss of activity
hydroxymethylacylfulvene
-
irreversible inhibition, less than 10% residual activity at 1.25 mM, inhibition by 0.625 or 1.25 mM hydroxymethylacylfulvene is reduced by 45% in the presence of NDPH
hypericin
when is glutathione disulfide is the variable substrate, hypericin inhibits the enzyme competitively
hypolaetin 7-O-[6'''-O-acetyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
-
-
Imipenem
-
competitive inhibition
isoscutellarein 7-O-[6'''-O-acetyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
-
-
K+
-
inhibitory in 0.1-1.0 M concentration range
kaempferol
-
slightly, flavonol, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
Ketoprofen
-
competitive inhibition
ketotifen
-
non-competitive inhibition
L-gamma-glutamyl-2-methyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine disulfide
-
competitive inhibitor
lornoxicam
-
competitive inhibition
meloxicam
-
non-competitive inhibition
methylene blue
impairs the activity of recombinant form of the enzyme
monohydrated complex of cisplatin
-
0.01-0.2 mM
morin
-
slightly, flavonol, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
morphine
-
competitive inhibition
myricetin
-
flavonol, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
N,N'-bis(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-N'-nitrosourea
-
-
N,N,2-trimethyl-3-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propan-1-amine
-
N,N-dimethyl-1-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propan-2-amine
-
N,N-dimethyl-3-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propan-1-aminium
-
N,N-dimethyl-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl]propan-1-aminium
-
N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)nonanamide
NH4+
-
inhibitory in 0.1-1.0 M concentration range
Nicotine
-
0.5 mg/kg, significant inhibition of enzymatic activity in liver (61.5%), lung (65%), heart (70.5%), stomach (72.5%), kidney (64%) and testicle (71.5%)
ornidazole
-
competitive inhibition
oxaliplatin
-
0.01-0.2 mM
p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate
-
-
Pb(NO3)2
-
0.25 mM, complete loss of activity
phenethyl isothiocyanate
-
Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride
-
i.e. PMSF, chloroplast enzyme, slight inhibition
phenyramidol
-
competitive inhibition
propofol
-
noncompetitive inhibition
putrescine
-
the early decrease of glutathione reductase activity in leaves treated with polyamines can be due to a direct interaction of these compounds with the enzyme
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
-
70% inactivation, due to specific modification of an epsilon-amino group lysine residue
quercetin
-
flavonol, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
rifamycin
-
competitive inhibition
rutin
-
slightly, flavonol glycoside, non-competitive with both NADPH and GSSG, influence on glutathione recognition
S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-glutathione
-
-
Sn2+
-
non-competitive inhibition
Sodium acetate
-
IC50: 0.77 M
spermidine
-
the early decrease of glutathione reductase activity in leaves treated with polyamines can be due to a direct interaction of these compounds with the enzyme
spermine
-
the early decrease of glutathione reductase activity in leaves treated with polyamines can be due to a direct interaction of these compounds with the enzyme
sulfanylacetamide
-
competitive inhibition
sulfhydryl reagents
-
in presence but not in absence of reduced coenzyme
tenoxicam
-
competitive inhibition
tetrakis(2-amino-1,3,5-triazine)copper(II) bromide
-
tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
TH-302
-
TH-302 at 300 mg/kg significantly inhibits glutathione reductase activity by 60% as compared with the controls, at 3 h after the injection
trans-(1S(R),2S(R))-2-hydroxycyclohexyl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
trans-(1S(R),2S(R))-2-hydroxycyclooctyl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
trans-(1S(R),6S(R))-6-hydroxycyclohex-3-enyl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
trans-(1S(R),8S(R),Z)-8-hydroxycyclooct-4-enyl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
trans-(R(S))-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl nitrate
-
non-competitive inhibition
trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
trimethyl-aziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone
Urea
-
activation: 0.4-0.6 M, inactivation at higher concentration
Vancomycin
-
noncompetitive inhibition
ZnCl2
-
0.25 mM, 66.4% loss of activity
[4-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)phenyl]acetic acid
[4-[3-(fluoromethyl)-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]phenyl]acetic acid
[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetic acid
[{1-phenyl-2,5-di(2-pyridyl)phosphole}AuCl]
-
gold-phosphole inhibitor, 1 nM, 50% inhibition, reversible
1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl) 1-nitrosourea
-
physiological effects of enzyme inhibition in spermatozoa are increase of lipid peroxidation and impairment of sperm motility
1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl) 1-nitrosourea
-
irreversible inhibition
1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
-
-
1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
-
-
1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
-
-
1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
-
time- and dose-dependent irreversible inhibition
1,3-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
-
-
1,3-bis[2-chloroethyl]-2-nitrosourea
-
0.05 mM, 84% inhibition
1,3-bis[2-chloroethyl]-2-nitrosourea
-
0.05 mM, 94% inhibition
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
-
-
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
1,4-Naphthoquinone
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
1,4-Naphthoquinone
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
1,4-Naphthoquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
-
-
1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
11-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)undecanoic acid
-
-
11-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)undecanoic acid
-
-
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonate
-
reversible
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonate
-
0.02 mM, 92% inhibition
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonate
-
-
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
-
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
-
2,5-bis(ethylamino)-3,6-di(aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
-
-
2,5-bis(ethylamino)-3,6-di(aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
-
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
74% inhibition at 0.05 mM
2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
-
2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
-
2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
-
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
2-methyl-5-(1-naphthyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
2-methyl-5-(1-naphthyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
-
2-methyl-5-pyridin-4-yl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
2-methyl-5-pyridin-4-yl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
-
3-[5-[8-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)octyl]-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile
-
-
3-[5-[8-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)octyl]-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile
-
-
5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
-
5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
58% inhibition at 0.05 mM
5-(1-anthryl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
5-(1-anthryl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
poor inhibitor
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
-
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-fluoro-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-fluoro-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
-
5-(pentafluorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
5-(pentafluorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
-
5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
-
5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
65% inhibition at 0.05 mM
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
6-[2-(3-fluoromethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
-
IC50: 0.0041 mM, irreversible inhibition
6-[2-(3-fluoromethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
-
IC50: 0.0064 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG, irreversible inhibition
6-[2-(3-methyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
-
IC50: 0.0032 mM, uncompetitive inhibitor
6-[2-(3-methyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
-
IC50: 0.0045 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG, uncompetitive inhibitor
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
8-azido-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
8-azido-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
-
9,10-phenanthrene quinone
-
-
9,10-phenanthrene quinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate
-
the enzyme activity is inhibited to 48.1% after treatment with 2.96 mM acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate, the enzyme activity (from hepatocytes lysate) is decreased to 79%, 67%, and 397%, in 0.37, 1.48 and 3.7 mM concentration of the conjugate, respectively, at pH 7.6 at 25°C
acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate
-
the enzyme activity is inhibited to 52.7% after treatment with 2.96 mM acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate, at pH 7.6 at 25°C
AgNO3
-
-
arsenite
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
-
arsenite
-
inhibition increased by NADPH
BaCl2
-
-
BaCl2
-
0.25 mM, 62.7% loss of activity
Ca2+
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
-
Ca2+
-
inhibition is non-competitive with respect to GSSG and uncompetitive with respect to NADPH
carmustine
-
irreversible inhibito of enzyme in reduced state
carmustine
-
i.e. 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-urea, irreversible inhibitor, complete inhibition at 0.625 mM
Cd2+
-
brain enzyme, strong inhibition
Cd2+
-
non-competitive inhibition with respect to both NADPH and GSSG
Cd2+
-
noncompetitive inhibition with respect to both glutathione disulfide and NADPH
Cd2+
-
brain enzyme, strong inhibition
Cd2+
-
brain enzyme, strong inhibition
cefodizime
-
competitive inhibition, in vitro
cefodizime
-
competitive, 21% inhibition in vivo, effect decreases with time
cefotaxime
-
noncompetitive inhibition, in vitro
cefotaxime
-
noncompetitive, 46% inhibition in vivo, effect decreases with time
chromate
-
-
chromate
-
probably irreversible
Cl-
-
-
Co2+
-
slightly
Co2+
-
complete inhibition at 1 mM
Co2+
-
most powerful inhibitor, competitive inhibition
Co2+
-
GRase-1 is moderately sensitive to inhibition by Co2+
Cr6+
-
GRd activity is markedly inhibited during the reduction of Cr (VI)
Cr6+
-
during the metabolism of Cr VI, glutathione reductase activity is inhibited
Cu2+
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
-
Cu2+
-
complete inhibition at 1 mM
Cu2+
-
in the presence of 1 mM Cu2+, approximately 5% of residual activity is detected
Cu2+
-
GRase-1 is very sensitive to inhibition by Cu2+
Cu2+
-
root enzyme inhibited, chloroplast enzyme only slightly
Cu2+
-
presence of Cu2+ inhibits noncompetitively with respect to the substrate GSSG and NADPH and inactivates with the cleavage of a peptide bond of the enzyme. Inactivation/fragmentation is prevented by addition of catalase. Copper binds to sites apart from the substrate sites, causing the peptide cleavage by hydroxyl radical
ethyl [5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate
-
ethyl [5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate
-
-
Fe2+
-
competitive inhibition
Fe2+
-
root enzyme inhibited, chloroplast enzyme only slightly
Fe2+
-
addition of exogenous Fe2+ (but not Fe3+) potentiates NADPH-induced inactivation of glutathione reductase, after a 2 min incubation period, 0.05 mM Fe2+ plus 0.3 mM NADPH induce 57% loss of enzyme activity
Fe3+
-
-
glutathione
-
product inhibition
glutathione
-
product inhibition
glutathione
-
product inhibition
glutathione
-
product inhibition
glutathione
-
competitive
glutathione
-
GSH functions as an inhibitor at relatively high concentrations (41 mM), and also only in the lower substrate concentration range
glutathione
-
GSSG, 12 mM, 25% inhibition
glutathione
-
product inhibition
glutathione
-
product inhibition
glutathione
-
inhibits the turtle liver GR only at high concentrations (6 mM), although this I50 value is within the physiological range of GSH concentrations in most cell types
glutathione
-
uncompetitive product inhibition
Hg2+
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
-
Hg2+
-
complete inhibition at 1 mM
iodoacetamide
-
-
iodoacetate
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
-
iodoacetate
-
in presence but not in absence of reduced coenzyme
KCl
-
-
KCl
-
0.25 mM, 9.7% loss of activity
KI
-
-
Melarsen oxide
-
-
Melarsen oxide
-
2-step process
Melarsen oxide
-
i.e. p-(4,6-diamono-s-triazin-2-yl)aminophenylarsenoxide; potent inhibitor, reversible by excess of thiols, more sensitive with NADPH
Melarsen oxide
-
i.e. p-(4,6-diamono-s-triazin-2-yl)aminophenylarsenoxide; potent inhibitor, reversible by excess of thiols, more sensitive with NADPH
Melatonin
-
0.08 mM and above
Melatonin
-
0.08 mM and above
menadione
-
IC50: 0.0275 mM
menadione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
menadione
-
IC50: 0.042 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG
menadione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
Mg2+
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
-
Mg2+
-
non-competitive inhibition
Mn2+
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
-
Mn2+
-
non-competitive inhibition
N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)nonanamide
-
-
N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)nonanamide
-
-
N-ethylmaleimide
Achromobacter starkeyi
-
slight
N-ethylmaleimide
-
root enzyme is slightly more sensitive than chloroplast enzyme
N-ethylmaleimide
-
chloroplast enzyme, 90% inhibition at 1 mM, partially reversible by GSSG 0.5 mM
Na+
-
-
Na+
-
inhibitory in 0.1-1.0 M concentration range
NaCl
-
-
NADH
-
-
NADH
-
at concentration above 0.3 mM
NADP+
-
product inhibition
NADP+
-
With regard to GSSG as variable substrate at fixed NADPH concentration, NADP+ is an uncompetitive inhibitor. With regard to NADPH as variable substrate at fixed GSSG concentration, NADP+ is a competitive inhibitor
NADP+
CDJ91018
competitive
NADP+
-
competitive against NADPH
NADP+
-
competitive against NADPH
NADP+
-
competitive product inhibition regarding NADPH and non-competitive product inhibition regarding glutathione disulfide, however, NADP+ (up to 1m M) is not inhibitor when assays are performed at 1 mM glutathione disulfide and 300 mM NADPH
NADP+
-
product inhibition
NADP+
-
competitive against NADPH
NADP+
-
competitive against NADPH
NADPH
-
-
NADPH
-
promotes formation of aggregates, reversible by thiols, e.g. glutathione or 2-mercaptoethanol
NADPH
-
protection by NADP+
NADPH
-
slow inactivation in vitro due to inter- or intramolecular disulfide formation
NADPH
-
at concentration above 0.3 mM
NADPH
-
reversible reductive inactivation with isozyme GR-1H and slightly with GR-2H
NADPH
-
58% inhibition at 0.3 mM after 60 min incubation, exogenously added antioxidants including ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide and 2-deoxyribose do not protect glutathione reductase against NADPH-induced inactivation, whilst addition of exogenous Fe2+ (but not Fe3+) potentiates the inactivation, removal of oxygen from the medium leads to increased inhibition of glutathione reductase, whereas pre-incubation of the Fe2+-containing medium for 30 min under normoxic conditions prior to the addition of GR abolishes the enzyme inactivation by NADPH
NADPH
-
chloroplast enzyme, 50% inhibition at 0.1 mM
Ni2+
-
non-competitive inhibition with respect to GSSG and uncompetitive inhibition with respect to NADPH
Ni2+
-
noncompetitive inhibition with respect to glutathione disulfide and uncompetitive with respect to NADPH
Ni2+
-
inhibition is competitive with respect to GSSG and uncompetitive with respect to NADPH
nifurtimox
-
-
Nitrofurantoin
-
-
Nitrofurantoin
-
non-competitive
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
-
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
-
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
-
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
-
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
-
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
chloroplast enzyme, 96% inhibition at 1 mM
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
chloroplast enzyme is slightly more sensitive than root enzyme
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
Pb2+
-
-
peroxynitrite
-
inactivation of enzyme by formation of nitrotyrosine near the catalytic center, 2.5fold increased Km-value and 1.7fold decreased Vmax, molecular modeling
peroxynitrite
inactivation by modification of Tyr114 and Tyr106
peroxynitrite
-
inactivation by modification of Tyr114 and Tyr106
peroxynitrite
-
40% inhibition of activity with 0.1 mM, 72% inhibition of activity with 0.2 mM
phenyl mercuric acetate
-
total inhibition
phenyl mercuric acetate
-
-
Phenylglyoxal
-
slightly
quinoxaline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
quinoxaline-5,8-dione
-
inhibitits activity with GSSG
tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
-
tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
-
trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
84% inhibition at 0.05 mM
trimethyl-aziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
-
trimethyl-aziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
complete inhibition at 0.05 mM
Zn2+
-
inhibition increased by NADPH
Zn2+
-
non-competitive inhibition with respect to both NADPH and GSSG
Zn2+
-
noncompetitive inhibition with respect to both glutathione disulfide and NADPH
Zn2+
CDJ91018
2 mM, complete inhibition
Zn2+
-
in the presence of 1 mM Zn2+, approximately 55% of residual activity is detected
Zn2+
-
competitive inhibition
Zn2+
-
GRase-1 is very sensitive to inhibition by Zn2+
Zn2+
-
root enzyme inhibited, chloroplast enzyme very slightly
Zn2+
-
Zn acetate at concentrations of 0.1 mM or greater inactivate glutathione reductase via an NADPH-dependent mechanism. Zn2+ is a highly effective inhibitor of glutathione reductase activity in astrocytes. This inhibition impairs their capacity to detoxify H2O2
Zn2+
-
glutathione reductase is non-competitively inhibited up to 2 mM and activated above this concentration
Zn2+
-
chloroplast enzyme, 94% inhibition at 0.5 mM, reversible and competitive to GSSG
[4-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)phenyl]acetic acid
-
IC50: 0.0014 mM
[4-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)phenyl]acetic acid
-
IC50: 0.0077 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG
[4-[3-(fluoromethyl)-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]phenyl]acetic acid
-
IC50: 0.0035 mM
[4-[3-(fluoromethyl)-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]phenyl]acetic acid
-
IC50: 0.002 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG
[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetic acid
binds to the large helices-containing cavity at the dimer interface
[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetic acid
-
-
additional information
-
glutathione reductase is not influenced by Al3+, Ba2+, Mn2+, and Li+ at 0.01-0.1 mM, and by Ca2+ and Mo6+ at 0.005-0.125 mM
-
additional information
-
regulation by inactivation in vivo, e.g. by disulfide bridging
-
additional information
-
cytotoxic effect of selenite on drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cell lines, overview
-
additional information
bis-nitro-enzyme form is impaired in peptide substrate binding with a 20fold increased Km for glutathione disulfide, overview
-
additional information
-
bis-nitro-enzyme form is impaired in peptide substrate binding with a 20fold increased Km for glutathione disulfide, overview
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by 1,2-bis[methylsulfonyl]-1-[2-[chloroethyl]-2 ](methylamino)carbonyl hydrazine
-
additional information
-
IC50 for quinoline-5,8-dione is above 0.15 mM
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by Ca2+, addition of imidazole up to 0.8 M has no significant effect on the activity
-
additional information
-
K+ and Mg2+ are not inhibitory up to 10 mM
-
additional information
-
regulation by inactivation in vivo, e.g. by disulfide bridging
-
additional information
-
acetaldehyde has no inhibitory effect
-
additional information
-
ethyl [5-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate and 1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-5(1H)-yl)pyridinium are no inhibitors for the parasite enzyme, numerous noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the large helices-containing cavity at the dimer interface which therefore is a target for selective drugs
-
additional information
-
IC50 for quinoline-5,8-dione is above 0.13 mM
-
additional information
-
glutathione reductase activity is not inhibited by up to 1 mM sodium arsenate
-
additional information
-
glutathione reductase activity is not inhibited by up to 1 mM sodium arsenate
-
additional information
-
vitamin E restores the inhibition of glutathione reductase due to nicotine administration in liver, lung, heart, stomach and kidney tissue, but not in testicle tissue
-
additional information
-
regulation by inactivation in vivo, e.g. by disulfide bridging
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by chlorambucil, melphalan, busulfan and carboplatin
-
additional information
-
up to 2 mM, illudin S does not inhibit glutathione reductase activity
-
additional information
-
NADP+ does not inhibit turtle GR activity
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
0.158 - 0.172
1,4-Naphthoquinone
0.114 - 0.71
5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
0.0858 - 0.413
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
0.4104 - 0.4208
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
0.224 - 0.404
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
11.6
bis-N,N'-(gamma-glutamylcystine)
-
-
0.16
diallyl trisulfide
-
-
0.00171 - 2.31
glutathione disulfide
0.25
glutathione-S-sulfonate
-
-
0.0312 - 0.0822
menadione
3.3
mixed disulfide of CoA and glutathione
-
-
1
mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and glutathione
-
-
0.234 - 0.363
quinoline-5,8-dione
0.0562 - 0.0595
quinoxaline-5,8-dione
0.5
S-allylmercaptoglutathione disulfide
-
pH 7.5, 22°C
-
0.21 - 4.58
trypanothione
additional information
additional information
-
0.158
1,4-Naphthoquinone
-
25°C
0.172
1,4-Naphthoquinone
-
25°C
0.114
5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
-
full length enzyme, in 100 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.0, at 25°C
0.71
5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
-
truncated recombinant enzyme (lacking the last two amino acids Sec597-Gly598), in 100 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.0, at 25°C
0.0858
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.413
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.4104
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.4208
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.224
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.404
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.00052
FAD
-
-
0.023
glutathione
-
erythrocyte enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.036
glutathione
-
brain enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.04
glutathione
-
liver enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.057
glutathione
-
liver enzyme
0.059
glutathione
-
liver enzyme
0.065
glutathione
-
erythrocyte enzyme
0.101
glutathione
-
calf liver enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.117
glutathione
-
brain enzyme
5.9
glutathione
-
purified enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 22°C
6.8
glutathione
-
crude enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 22°C
7.7
glutathione
-
chloroplast enzyme
8.2
glutathione
-
root enzyme
0.00171
glutathione disulfide
enzyme variant GR1.2, pH 7.6, 22°C
0.0123
glutathione disulfide
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)
0.0138
glutathione disulfide
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)
0.015
glutathione disulfide
-
pH 7.8, 25°C
0.01546
glutathione disulfide
enzyme variant GR1.1, pH 7.6, 22°C
0.025
glutathione disulfide
-
-
0.027
glutathione disulfide
-
enzyme from unfrozen state, presence of glucose, pH 7.2, 25°C
0.031
glutathione disulfide
-
enzyme from unfrozen state, presence of urea plus glucose, pH 7.2, 25°C
0.0355
glutathione disulfide
-
at pH 7.5 and 50°C
0.037
glutathione disulfide
-
25°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.04
glutathione disulfide
-
0.045
glutathione disulfide
-
chloroquine-sensitive strain D10, pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0465
glutathione disulfide
-
crude enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 22°C
0.048
glutathione disulfide
-
enzyme from frozen state, pH 7.2, 25°C
0.05
glutathione disulfide
-
purified enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 22°C
0.0531
glutathione disulfide
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 4 mM EDTA, at 37°C
0.054
glutathione disulfide
-
enzyme from unfrozen state, pH 7.2, 25°C
0.06
glutathione disulfide
-
at 30°C and pH 7.5
0.06202
glutathione disulfide
enzyme variant GR2, pH 7.6, 22°C
0.065
glutathione disulfide
-
-
0.065
glutathione disulfide
-
chloroquine-resistant strain FCR3, pH 6.9, 25°C
0.06896
glutathione disulfide
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.07
glutathione disulfide
-
pH 7.5, 22°C
0.071
glutathione disulfide
-
chloroquine-sensitive strain 3D7, pH 6.9, 25°C
0.072
glutathione disulfide
pH 7.4, 25°C
0.073
glutathione disulfide
-
chloroquine-sensitive strain S106, pH 6.9, 25°C
0.074
glutathione disulfide
-
chloroquine-resistant strain Dd2, pH 6.9, 25°C
0.076
glutathione disulfide
-
chloroquine-sensitive strain HB3, pH 6.9, 25°C
0.077
glutathione disulfide
-
in 100 mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 buffer, at pH 7.4
0.08
glutathione disulfide
-
chloroquine-resistant strain 7G8, pH 6.9, 25°C
0.085
glutathione disulfide
-
enzyme from unfrozen state, presence of urea, pH 7.2, 25°C
0.088
glutathione disulfide
-
chloroquine-resistant strain K1, pH 6.9, 25°C
0.089
glutathione disulfide
CDJ91018
pH 7.8, 37°C
0.095
glutathione disulfide
-
pH 7.4, 25°C
0.1
glutathione disulfide
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.114
glutathione disulfide
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), at 25°C
0.1538
glutathione disulfide
pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.154
glutathione disulfide
-
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.59
glutathione disulfide
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, at 37°C
1.65
glutathione disulfide
mutant enzyme, pH 7.4, 25°C
2.31
glutathione disulfide
-
mutant enzyme, pH 7.4, 25°C
0.00446
GSSG
-
anoxic enzyme in 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM GSSG and 0.2 mM NADPH
0.019
GSSG
-
0.03 M phosphate buffer
0.028
GSSG
-
chloroplast enzyme
0.04
GSSG
-
chloroplast enzyme
0.05
GSSG
-
isozmes GR-1 and GR-2
0.056
GSSG
-
isozyme GR-1H
0.061
GSSG
-
pH 7.5, wild-type enzyme
0.0715
GSSG
-
truncated recombinant enzyme (lacking the last two amino acids Sec597-Gly598), in 150 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.0, at 37°C
0.073
GSSG
-
isozyme GR-1NH
0.097
GSSG
-
pH 7.5, mutant enzyme N21R
0.12
GSSG
-
pH 7.5, mutant enzyme N101D/K105D
0.125
GSSG
-
0.3 M phosphate buffer
0.131
GSSG
-
isozyme GR-2NH
0.139
GSSG
-
isozyme GR-2H
0.16
GSSG
-
recombinant enzyme
0.205
GSSG
-
full length enzyme, in 150 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.0, at 37°C
0.2625
GSSG
recombinant Glr1
0.0312
menadione
-
25°C
0.017
NADH
-
-
1.12
NADH
-
recombinant enzyme
0.03
NADP+
-
purified enzyme at pH 7.0 and 22°C
0.048
NADP+
-
crude enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 22°C
0.22
NADP+
-
root and chloroplast enzyme
0.0015
NADPH
-
-
0.0023
NADPH
-
root enzyme
0.003
NADPH
-
pH 7.8, 25°C
0.003
NADPH
-
chloroplast enzyme
0.003
NADPH
-
chloroplast enzyme
0.0037
NADPH
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)
0.004
NADPH
-
erythrocyte enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.0045
NADPH
-
4°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.0047
NADPH
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)
0.005
NADPH
-
liver enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.00601
NADPH
enzyme variant GR2, pH 7.6, 22°C
0.00682
NADPH
-
anoxic enzyme in 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM GSSG and 0.2 mM NADPH
0.007
NADPH
-
isozyme GR-1
0.00706
NADPH
-
at pH 7.5 and 50°C
0.008
NADPH
-
liver enzyme
0.008
NADPH
-
brain enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.009
NADPH
-
liver enzyme
0.009
NADPH
-
erythrocyte enzyme
0.0095
NADPH
-
0.03 M phosphate buffer
0.0109
NADPH
-
25°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.012
NADPH
-
25°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.013
NADPH
-
0.3 M phosphate buffer
0.014
NADPH
-
at 30°C and pH 7.5
0.015
NADPH
-
chloroplast enzyme
0.0153
NADPH
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 4 mM EDTA, at 37°C
0.01695
NADPH
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.019
NADPH
-
crude enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 22°C
0.021
NADPH
-
calf liver enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.021
NADPH
-
purified enzyme, at pH 7.0 and 22°C
0.02662
NADPH
enzyme variant GR1.2, pH 7.6, 22°C
0.028
NADPH
-
isozyme GR-2
0.0323
NADPH
recombinant Glr1
0.033
NADPH
-
in 100 mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 buffer, at pH 7.4
0.03843
NADPH
enzyme variant GR1.1, pH 7.6, 22°C
0.056
NADPH
-
in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), at 25°C
0.061
NADPH
-
brain enzyme
0.063
NADPH
-
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.1449
NADPH
pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.24
NADPH
-
recombinant enzyme
0.27
NADPH
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, at 37°C
0.234
quinoline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.363
quinoline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.0562
quinoxaline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.0595
quinoxaline-5,8-dione
-
25°C
0.21
trypanothione
-
pH 7.5, mutant enzyme A18E/N21W/R22N/N101D/K105D/R319A
0.33
trypanothione
-
pH 7.5, mutant enzyme A18E/N21W/R22N/N101D/K105D
0.5
trypanothione
recombinant glutathione-trypanothione reductase-like enzyme
0.66
trypanothione
-
pH 7.5, mutant enzyme A18E/N21W/R22N
2
trypanothione
-
pH 7.5, wild-type enzyme
2.3
trypanothione
-
pH 7.5, mutant enzyme N101D/K105D
4.58
trypanothione
-
pH 7.5, mutant enzyme N21R
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
thermal dependency of Km
-
additional information
additional information
-
thermal dependency of Km
-
additional information
additional information
-
different isozymes, temperature-dependent, homo-glutathione
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km of wild-type and mutants
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics, hysteretic behaviour
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
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0.0174
(1R(S),2R(S),3S(R),4S(R))-2,3-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,4-diyl dinitrate
-
-
0.0184
(1R(S),2R(S),4R(S),5R(S))-2,5-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,4-diyl dinitrate
-
-
0.0215
(1S(R),2S(R),5R(S),6R(S))-5-bromo-9-oxabicyclo[4.2.1] nonan-2-yl nitrate
-
-
0.0179
(1S(R),3S(R),4S(R),6S(R))-4,6-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,3-diyl dinitrate
-
-
0.0117
(2R(S),7R(S))-7-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl nitrate
-
-
0.0131
(2S(R),7R(S))-7-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-yl nitrate
-
-
0.0188
(9R(S))-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalen-2R(S)-yl nitrate
-
-
0.15
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
0.0013 - 0.0025
1,4-Naphthoquinone
0.035 - 0.09
1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
0.022
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.2
1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2,3,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-5(1H)-yl)pyridinium
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0032 - 0.057
11-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)undecanoic acid
0.0005
2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonate
-
below, at 50% inhibition value, leading to oxidase activity
0.5
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.03
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0025 - 0.012
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
0.002
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.5
2,5-bis(ethylamino)-3,6-di(aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
0.0028
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.5
2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
0.5
2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
Ki above 0.5 mM, pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.028 - 0.039
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
0.0005 - 0.011
2-methyl-5-(1-naphthyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
0.0025 - 0.015
2-methyl-5-pyridin-4-yl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
0.016 - 0.16
3-[5-[8-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)octyl]-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile
0.0006
5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0025 - 0.2
5-(1-anthryl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
0.0061
5-(3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
-
-
0.0723
5-(3alpha-hydroxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
-
-
0.0006 - 0.0054
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
0.0004 - 0.0059
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-fluoro-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
0.0019 - 0.0025
5-(pentafluorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
0.00015
5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0014 - 0.0062
8-azido-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
0.0025 - 0.012
9,10-phenanthrene quinone
0.745
cefodizime
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
6.51
cefotaxime
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
3.59
ceftazidime
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
3.71
ceftriaxone
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
23.5
cefuroxime
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
3.85
chloramphenicol
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.00035
Cu+
-
pH 7.8, 37°C
0.1116
dantrolene
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
23.97
diclofenac sodium
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.3
diethyl [2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diyl]biscarbamate
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0066 - 0.013
ethyl [5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate
0.0093
ethyl [5-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0725
etomidate
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
28.84
gadopentetic acid
-
in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.18
hydroxymethylacylfulvene
-
at 25°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.00292
hypericin
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.06
Imipenem
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
22.14
Ketoprofen
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.0008
ketotifen
-
in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.01464
L-gamma-glutamyl-2-methyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine disulfide
-
in 100mM in potassium phosphate, pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.42
lornoxicam
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.0091 - 0.25
Melarsen oxide
0.0061
meloxicam
-
in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.0165
morphine
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.0108 - 0.0227
N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)nonanamide
0.54
NADH-X
-
derivative, pH 6.8, with NADH
0.022
NADPH-X
-
derivative, pH 6.8, with NADPH
0.001 - 0.025
Nitrofurantoin
1.1
Nitrogen mustard
-
at 50% inhibition value
28.49
ornidazole
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.01
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
0.434
phenyramidol
-
in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.418
propofol
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.275
rifamycin
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.03
S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-glutathione
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.085
sulfanylacetamide
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.13
tenoxicam
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.16 - 0.25
tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
0.0437
trans-(1S(R),2S(R))-2-hydroxycyclohexyl nitrate
-
-
0.0219
trans-(1S(R),2S(R))-2-hydroxycyclooctyl nitrate
-
-
0.0351
trans-(1S(R),6S(R))-6-hydroxycyclohex-3-enyl nitrate
-
-
0.0443
trans-(1S(R),8S(R),Z)-8-hydroxycyclooct-4-enyl nitrate
-
-
0.0256
trans-(R(S))-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl nitrate
-
-
0.0162
trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.009 - 0.01
trimethyl-aziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone
15.11
Vancomycin
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.0072 - 0.014
[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetic acid
0.15
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
-
Ki above 0.15 mM, pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.15
1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
-
Ki above 0.15 mM, pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0013
1,4-Naphthoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0025
1,4-Naphthoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.035
1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.09
1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0032
11-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)undecanoic acid
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.057
11-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)undecanoic acid
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0025
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.012
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.5
2,5-bis(ethylamino)-3,6-di(aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
-
Ki above 0.5 mM, pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.5
2,5-bis(ethylamino)-3,6-di(aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
-
Ki above 0.5 mM, pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.5
2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
Ki above 0.5 mM, pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.5
2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
Ki above 0.5 mM, pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.028
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.039
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0005
2-methyl-5-(1-naphthyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.011
2-methyl-5-(1-naphthyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0025
2-methyl-5-pyridin-4-yl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.015
2-methyl-5-pyridin-4-yl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.016
3-[5-[8-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)octyl]-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.16
3-[5-[8-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)octyl]-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0025
5-(1-anthryl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.2
5-(1-anthryl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0006
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0054
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0004
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-fluoro-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0059
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-fluoro-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0019
5-(pentafluorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0025
5-(pentafluorophenyl)-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0014
8-azido-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0062
8-azido-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-5a,9a-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H,5H)-dione
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.0025
9,10-phenanthrene quinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.012
9,10-phenanthrene quinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
2.2 - 9
arsenite
-
at 50% inhibition value
3
arsenite
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.001
Cd2+
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.104
Cd2+
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.113
Cd2+
-
with NADPH as the varied substrate, pH 7.4, 37°C
0.221
Cd2+
-
with GSSG as the varied substrate, pH 7.4, 37°C
0.35
chromate
-
-
0.35
chromate
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.001
Cu2+
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.001
Cu2+
-
pH 7.8, 37°C
0.117
Cu2+
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.0066
ethyl [5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.013
ethyl [5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetate
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
5
glutathione
-
competitive product inhibition regarding glutathione disulfide, at 30°C and pH 7.5
10
glutathione
-
non-competitive product inhibition regarding NADPH, at 30°C and pH 7.5
7.985
GSH
-
pH 7.4, 37°C, GSSG as variable substrate at fixed NADPH concentration (0.1 mM)
8.506
GSH
-
pH 7.4, 37°C, NADPH as variable substrate at fixed GSSG concentration
0.0091
Melarsen oxide
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.25
Melarsen oxide
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.0108
N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)nonanamide
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0227
N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)nonanamide
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0072
NADP+
-
with NADH at pH 6.8
0.018
NADP+
-
with NADH at pH 6.05
0.028
NADP+
-
10 mM sodium phosphate
0.043
NADP+
-
pH 7.4, 37°C, NADPH as variable substrate at fixed GSSG concentration
0.052
NADP+
-
competitive product inhibition regarding NADPH, at 30°C and pH 7.5
0.055
NADP+
-
with NADPH at pH 6.8
0.06
NADP+
-
0.1 M sodium phosphate
0.219
NADP+
-
pH 7.4, 37°C, GSSG as variable substrate at fixed NADPH concentration (0.1 mM)
1
NADP+
-
non-competitive product inhibition regarding glutathione disulfide, at 30°C and pH 7.5
10.17
NADP+
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.313
Ni2+
-
with GSSG as the varied substrate, pH 7.4, 37°C
0.932
Ni2+
-
with NADPH as the varied substrate, pH 7.4, 37°C
0.03
nifurtimox
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.04
nifurtimox
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.001
Nitrofurantoin
-
at 50% inhibition value, enzyme partially purified from platelets
0.001
Nitrofurantoin
-
platelets
0.02
Nitrofurantoin
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.025
Nitrofurantoin
-
at 50% inhibition value, enzyme from erythrocytes
0.16
tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.25
tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.009
trimethyl-aziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.01
trimethyl-aziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.0008
Zn2+
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.005
Zn2+
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.0065
Zn2+
-
at 50% inhibition value
0.32
Zn2+
-
with GSSG as the varied substrate, pH 7.4, 37°C
0.761
Zn2+
-
with NADPH as the varied substrate, pH 7.4, 37°C
0.0072
[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetic acid
pH 6.9, 25°C
0.014
[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxo-3,5,5a,9a-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]quinoxalin-2(1H)-yl]acetic acid
-
pH 6.9, 25°C
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
0.00717
(1R(S),2R(S),3S(R),4S(R))-2,3-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,4-diyl dinitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.00871
(1R(S),2R(S),4R(S),5R(S))-2,5-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,4-diyl dinitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.011
(1S(R),2S(R),5R(S),6R(S))-5-bromo-9-oxabicyclo[4.2.1] nonan-2-yl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0081
(1S(R),3S(R),4S(R),6S(R))-4,6-dihydroxycyclo-hexane-1,3-diyl dinitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.00681
(2R(S),7R(S))-7-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.00713
(2S(R),7R(S))-7-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-yl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0103
(9R(S))-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalen-2R(S)-yl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0013 - 0.0022
1,4-Naphthoquinone
0.011
1,9-dimethyl methylene blue
Neospora caninum
pH 7.5, 37°C
-
0.0035
11-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)undecanoic acid
Plasmodium falciparum
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.034 - 0.085
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione
0.0024
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.00004
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.00001
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.00043
2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.295
3'-hydroxy-4'-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6'''-O-acetyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
Bos taurus
-
in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37°C
0.0014
3-[5-[8-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)octyl]-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile
Plasmodium falciparum
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.014
4,5-dichloro-N-octylisothiazol-3-one
Homo sapiens
-
cellular glutathione reductase
0.0045
5-(3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0471
5-(3alpha-hydroxy-5-beta-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.009
5-chloro-N-methylisothiazol-3-one
Homo sapiens
-
cellular glutathione reductase
0.018 - 0.025
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
0.009 - 0.011
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
0.0041 - 0.0064
6-[2-(3-fluoromethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
0.0032 - 0.0045
6-[2-(3-methyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
0.013 - 0.028
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
0.871
acylfulvene
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-
at 25°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.804
Al3+
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.1
allyl isothiocyanate
Homo sapiens
25°C, 30 min preincubation
0.029
Benzyl isothiocyanate
Homo sapiens
25°C, 30 min preincubation
0.000025
bis[1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazole-2-amine,3,4-dihydro-4-(2-imidazole)]copper(II) bromide
Spinacia oleracea
pH 7.2, 25°C
0.000037
bis[1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazole-2-amine,3,4-dihydro-4-(2-thiophene)]copper(II) bromide
Spinacia oleracea
pH 7.2, 25°C
5.12
Ca2+
Lithobates sylvaticus
-
enzyme from unfrozen state, pH 7.2, 25°C
0.071
carmustine
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-
at 25°C, pH not specified in the publication
2.476
ceftazidime
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
2.88
ceftriaxone
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
15.43
cefuroxime
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
2.36
chloramphenicol
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.00122
chloro[N(4)-ortho-chlorophenyl-2-acetylpyridinethiosemicarbazonato]gold(III)dichloroaurate(I)
Rattus norvegicus
-
pH 7.0, 37°C
0.036
Co2+
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
-
at 30°C and pH 7.5
0.0523
dantrolene
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
7.265
diclofenac sodium
Homo sapiens
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.0018
diethyl [2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diyl]biscarbamate
Plasmodium falciparum
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.27
diethyldicarbonate
Setaria cervi
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, at 37°C
0.22
digoxin
Rattus norvegicus
-
25°C, pH not specified in the publication
23.9
dopamine
Rattus norvegicus
-
25°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.0523
etomidate
Homo sapiens
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.797
Fe3+
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.09
Furosemide
Rattus norvegicus
-
25°C, pH not specified in the publication
138
gadopentetic acid
Homo sapiens
-
in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.509
Hg2+
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.216
hydroxymethylacylfulvene
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-
at 25°C, pH not specified in the publication
0.0185
hypericin
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.177
hypolaetin 7-O-[6'''-O-acetyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
Bos taurus
-
in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37°C
0.03
Imipenem
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.372
isoscutellarein 7-O-[6'''-O-acetyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
Bos taurus
-
in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37°C
510
KCl
Trachemys scripta
-
IC50: 0.51 M
6.278
Ketoprofen
Homo sapiens
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.012
ketotifen
Homo sapiens
-
in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.3
lornoxicam
Homo sapiens
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.029
meloxicam
Homo sapiens
-
in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.0021
methylene blue
Neospora caninum
pH 7.5, 37°C
4.44
Mn2+
Lithobates sylvaticus
-
enzyme from unfrozen state, pH 7.2, 25°C
0.0128
morphine
Homo sapiens
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.0015
N-(2-cyanoethyl)-9-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)nonanamide
Plasmodium falciparum
-
pH 7.0, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 25°C
0.71
N-Acetylimidazole
Setaria cervi
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, at 37°C
0.5
N-ethylmaleimide
Setaria cervi
-
in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, at 37°C
450
Na2SO4
Trachemys scripta
-
IC50: 0.45 M
550
NaCl
Trachemys scripta
-
IC50: 0.55 M
0.0007
new methylene blue
Neospora caninum
pH 7.5, 37°C
-
620
NH4Cl
Trachemys scripta
-
IC50: 0.62 M
19.63
ornidazole
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.122
Pb2+
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.05
phenethyl isothiocyanate
Homo sapiens
25°C, 30 min preincubation
0.99
phenyramidol
Homo sapiens
-
in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.242
propofol
Homo sapiens
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.036 - 0.037
quinoxaline-5,8-dione
0.146
rifamycin
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
770
Sodium acetate
Trachemys scripta
-
IC50: 0.77 M
0.59
sulfanylacetamide
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.045
sulforaphane
Homo sapiens
25°C, 30 min preincubation
0.082
tenoxicam
Homo sapiens
-
in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 25°C
0.000025
tetrakis(2-amino-1,3,5-triazine)copper(II) bromide
Spinacia oleracea
pH 7.2, 25°C
0.0009
toluidine blue O
Neospora caninum
pH 7.5, 37°C
-
0.021
trans-(1S(R),2S(R))-2-hydroxycyclohexyl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0142
trans-(1S(R),2S(R))-2-hydroxycyclooctyl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.023
trans-(1S(R),6S(R))-6-hydroxycyclohex-3-enyl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.029
trans-(1S(R),8S(R),Z)-8-hydroxycyclooct-4-enyl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.016
trans-(R(S))-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl nitrate
Homo sapiens
-
-
4.83
Vancomycin
Homo sapiens
-
at 25°C, pH 8.0
0.0014 - 0.0077
[4-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)phenyl]acetic acid
0.002 - 0.0035
[4-[3-(fluoromethyl)-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]phenyl]acetic acid
0.0013
1,4-Naphthoquinone
Homo sapiens
-
25°C
0.0022
1,4-Naphthoquinone
Plasmodium falciparum
-
25°C
0.034
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione
Homo sapiens
-
25°C
0.085
2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-5,8-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
25°C
0.018
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
Homo sapiens
-
25°C
0.025
6,7-dimethylquinoline-5,8-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
25°C
0.009
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
Homo sapiens
-
25°C
0.011
6-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
25°C
0.0041
6-[2-(3-fluoromethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
Homo sapiens
-
IC50: 0.0041 mM, irreversible inhibition
0.0064
6-[2-(3-fluoromethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
Plasmodium falciparum
-
IC50: 0.0064 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG, irreversible inhibition
0.0032
6-[2-(3-methyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
Homo sapiens
-
IC50: 0.0032 mM, uncompetitive inhibitor
0.0045
6-[2-(3-methyl)-1,4-naphthoquinolyl]hexanoic acid
Plasmodium falciparum
-
IC50: 0.0045 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG, uncompetitive inhibitor
0.013
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
Homo sapiens
-
25°C
0.028
7-methylquinoline-5,8-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
25°C
0.027
Cd2+
Bos taurus
-
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0655
Cd2+
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.08
Cd2+
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.0034
Cu2+
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
-
at 30°C and pH 7.5
0.082
Cu2+
Oncorhynchus mykiss
-
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.0275
menadione
Homo sapiens
-
IC50: 0.0275 mM
0.042
menadione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
IC50: 0.042 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG
0.534
Ni2+
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
-
at 30°C and pH 7.5
0.8
Ni2+
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.8
Ni2+
Bos taurus
-
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.036
quinoxaline-5,8-dione
Homo sapiens
-
25°C
0.037
quinoxaline-5,8-dione
Plasmodium falciparum
-
25°C
0.0042
Zn2+
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
-
at 30°C and pH 7.5
0.007
Zn2+
Cyprinus carpio
-
-
0.92
Zn2+
Haemonchus contortus
CDJ91018
pH 7.8, 37°C
1
Zn2+
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, 37°C
1
Zn2+
Bos taurus
-
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0014
[4-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)phenyl]acetic acid
Homo sapiens
-
IC50: 0.0014 mM
0.0077
[4-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)phenyl]acetic acid
Plasmodium falciparum
-
IC50: 0.0077 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG
0.002
[4-[3-(fluoromethyl)-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]phenyl]acetic acid
Plasmodium falciparum
-
IC50: 0.002 mM, at pH 6.9 and 25°C in the presence of 1 mM GSSG
0.0035
[4-[3-(fluoromethyl)-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]phenyl]acetic acid
Homo sapiens
-
IC50: 0.0035 mM
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evolution
-
phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the closest evolutionary relationship between mitochondrial isoform of Liza haematocheila glutathione reductase and other fish mitochondrial isoforms of glutathione reductase
drug target
the enzymed is an important target of phenothiazinium dyes in Neospora caninum proliferation inhibition
drug target
-
the enzymed is an important target of phenothiazinium dyes in Neospora caninum proliferation inhibition
-
malfunction
-
deletion of isoform GR1 prevents survival due to a pollen lethal phenotype
malfunction
-
glutathione reductase inhibition significantly enhances cancer sensitivity to X-ray irradiation through glutathione disulfide increase
malfunction
-
in addition to a decrease in GSH and increase in GSSG, inhibition of glutathione reductase increases the ratios of NADH/NAD+ and NADPH/NADP+. Significant protein glutathionylation is observed. However, the inhibition does not affect the formation of reactive oxygen species or expression of antioxidant defense enzyme systems (glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase)
malfunction
-
cells lacking the enzyme show decreased resistance to oxidative stress (H2O2) and 2fold higher levels of reactive oxygen species and catalase activity than the wild type strain
malfunction
-
enzyme-deficient mice exhibit increased morbidity and mortality but do not exhibit a greater sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide than do wild type mice. Neutrophils of enzyme-deficient mice reveal impaired phagocytosis
malfunction
-
cells lacking the enzyme show decreased resistance to oxidative stress (H2O2) and 2fold higher levels of reactive oxygen species and catalase activity than the wild type strain
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in glucose metabolism
metabolism
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gene GLR1 uses alternative start codons to generate two forms of enzyme. Translation from the first AUG codon generates the mitochondrial form incorporating a presequence necessary for import, while translation from the second AUG codon yields the cytosolic counterpart. The N-terminus of cytosolic GLR1 normally is N-acetylserine. In a GLR1-overproducing strain, unprocessed mitochondrial GLR1 with N-terminal acetylmethionine also accumulates in the cytosol. The processed mitochondrial GLR1 has three alternative N-termini, none of them acetylated. Mitochondrial GLR1 is turned over faster than the cytosolic form by a factor of about 2. The second AUG appears to be responsible for most of the cellular GLR1
metabolism
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gene GLR1 uses alternative start codons to generate two forms of enzyme. Translation from the first AUG codon generates the mitochondrial form incorporating a presequence necessary for import, while translation from the second AUG codon yields the cytosolic counterpart. The N-terminus of cytosolic GLR1 normally is N-acetylserine. In a GLR1-overproducing strain, unprocessed mitochondrial GLR1 with N-terminal acetylmethionine also accumulates in the cytosol. The processed mitochondrial GLR1 has three alternative N-termini, none of them acetylated. Mitochondrial GLR1 is turned over faster than the cytosolic form by a factor of about 2. The second AUG appears to be responsible for most of the cellular GLR1
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metabolism
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the enzyme is involved in glucose metabolism
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physiological function
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the enzyme's physiological function is the reduction of glutathione disulfide or GSNO but not the opposite
physiological function
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thioredoxin glutathione reductase binding to retinoic acid receptor is required for the retinoic acid-dependent retinoic acid receptor association with chromatin, retinoic acid receptor activity damaged by oxidative stress is restored by thioredoxin glutathione reductase
physiological function
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glutathione reductase is the crucial enzyme to maintain high glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio and physiological redox status in cells
physiological function
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glutathione reductase is essential for host defense against bacterial (group B Streptococcus) infection. The oxidative defense mechanism mediated by the enzyme is required for an effective innate immune response against bacteria, probably by preventing phagocyte dysfunction due to oxidative damage
physiological function
rice enzyme expression in yeast increases the ability of the cells to adapt and recover from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and various stimuli including heat shock and exposure to menadione, heavy metals (iron, zinc, copper, and cadmium), SDS, ethanol, and sulfuric acid
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in salt stress response and biotic stress tolerance
physiological function
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the enzyme plays a crucial role in daylength-dependent redox signaling. The Arabidopsis glutathione reductase1 gene plays a crucial role in leaf responses to intracellular hydrogen peroxide and in ensuring appropriate gene expression through both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
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the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
a GLR1-deficient strain is not viable. During filamentation, nongrowing hyphal GLR1-overexpressing cells exhibit resistance against oxidants and cellular methylglyoxal is significantly decreased, which concomitantly increases expression of genes encoding energy-generating enzymes, including fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1), with remarkable repression of Efg1-signaling cascades
physiological function
Escherichia coli cells overexpressing GR2 display markedly increased tolerance and survival at high concentrations of H2O2
physiological function
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gene is able to complement an Escherichia coli glutathione reductase deletion strain in oxidative stress growth assays
physiological function
glutathione reductase GSR-1 is essential for survival under juglone stress conditions. Knockdown of GSR-1 hardly affects total glutathione levels nor reduced glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio under normal laboratory conditions. When GSSG recycling is impaired by RNAi, GSH synthesis is induced, but not vice versa. The impact of GSSG recycling is potentiated under oxidative stress conditions. Ovepression of GSR-1 is capable of increasing stress tolerance. Expression levels of GSR-1 also affect life span of Caenorhabditis elegans
physiological function
isoform GR2 is an important regulator of leaf senescence. Seed development of the homozygous GR2 knockout mutant is blocked at the globular stage. GR2 RNAi plants display early onset of age-dependent and dark and H2O2-induced leaf senescence, accompanied by the induction of the senescence-related marker genes SAG12 and SAG13. Genes related to leaf senescence, oxidative stress, and phytohormone pathways are upregulated directly before senescence in RNAi plants. H2O2 accumulates to higher levels in RNAi plants than in wild-type plants and the levels of H2O2 peak in RNAi plants directly before the early onset of leaf senescence. RNAi plants show a greater decrease in GSH/GSSG levels than wild-type plants during leaf development
physiological function
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no observable differences in the kinetic and structural properties of glutathione reductase between the frozen winter state and the unfrozen state. Increased glutathione recycling may result due to passive regulation of glutathione reductase by rising levels of glucose during freezing
physiological function
plastid-localized GR2 is essential for root growth and root apical meristem maintenance
physiological function
transgenic Arabidopsis plants with decreased chloroplastic/mitochondrial isoform GR2 levels are highly sensitive to excess light and accumulate high levels of H2O2. Photosystem II activity is significantly decreased and plants show inhibition of electron transfer between QA and QB and decreased redox potential of QB. The levels of photosystem II proteins and complexes are decreased in transgenic plants
physiological function
Neospora caninum causes heavy losses related to abortions in bovine cattle. This parasite develops a complex defense redox system, composed of enzymes as glutathione reductase
physiological function
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the enzyme has profound effects on modulating the immune reaction in fish to sustain precise redox homeostasis
physiological function
WP_010214957
the enzyme is an important oxidoreductase that helps maintain redox homeostasis. It possesses the characteristics of thermophilic enzymes and functions at colder temperatures, thereby maintaining the reducing power of the Arctic bacterium Sphingomonas sp. PAMC 26621 in a broad range of temperatures
physiological function
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the enzyme provides protection against peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in recombinant cells
physiological function
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the GSH pool within the cell is restored by the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione by the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase
physiological function
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the GSH pool within the cell is restored by the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione by the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase
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physiological function
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Neospora caninum causes heavy losses related to abortions in bovine cattle. This parasite develops a complex defense redox system, composed of enzymes as glutathione reductase
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