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Information on EC 1.1.1.316 - L-galactose 1-dehydrogenase Word Map on EC 1.1.1.316
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The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
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L-galactose 1-dehydrogenase
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L-galactose + NAD+ = L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
; a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbate in plants (Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway)
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Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism
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Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites
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L-ascorbate biosynthesis I (L-galactose pathway)
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L-galactose:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
The enzyme catalyses a step in the ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants (Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway). The activity with NADP+ is less than 10% of the activity with NAD+.
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L-galactose 1-dehydrogenase
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
GDH
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
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L-galactose dehydrogenase
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L-GalDH
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cvs. Newhall Dream, navel oranges
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cvs.Egan No.2 and ‘Guoqing No.1, Satsuma mandarins
UniProt
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UniProt
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UniProt
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Borkh cv. Gala
UniProt
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physiological function
specific activity depends on leaf age
metabolism
key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbate in plants
metabolism
role in ascorbate biosynthesis
metabolism
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role in ascorbate biosynthesis
metabolism
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the enzyme is involved in the ascorbate bioosynthesis in fruits
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the ascorbate bioosynthesis in fruits
metabolism
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the enzyme is involved in the ascorbate bioosynthesis in fruits
metabolism
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key enzyme in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid
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L-fucose + NAD+
?
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?
L-fucose + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
L-galactose + NADP+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADPH + H+
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?
L-glucose + NAD+
?
11.9% of the activity with L-galactose
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?
L-gulose + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
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?
L-sorbosone + NAD+
?
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?
additional information
?
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L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
NAD+ preferred cofactor, lower activity with L-sorbosone, no activity with D-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose and D-mannose
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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activity with 0.1 mM NADP+ is 6% of that with NAD+, lower activity with L-sorbosone, no activity with D-arabinose and L-fucose
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
activity with 1 mM NADP+ was 4.7% of that with 1 mM NAD+, no activity with L-fructose, L-mannose, L-Xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, L-fucose, D-mannose and D-arabinose
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
high specificity for L-galactose. The activity with 1 mM NADP+ is 4.7% of that with 1 mM NAD+
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-gulose + NAD+
?
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?
L-gulose + NAD+
?
71.4% of the activity with L-galactose
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?
additional information
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no activity is detectable with D-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose and D-mannose
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additional information
?
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no activity is detectable with D-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose and D-mannose
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additional information
?
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no activity with D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, L-fucose and D-arabinose. The enzyme oxidizes L-sorbosone with very low affinity
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additional information
?
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no activity with L-fructose, L-mannose, L-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, L-fucose, D-mannose and D-arabinose
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additional information
?
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no activity with L-fructose, L-mannose, L-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, L-fucose, D-mannose and D-arabinose
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L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
O81884
a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
E9M5S4
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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?
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
Q6BDJ2
a step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants
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ir
L-galactose + NAD+
L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
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?
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NAD+
; the activity with 1 mM NADP+ is 4.7% of that with 1 mM NAD+
NAD+
; preferred cofactor
NAD+
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; the activity with 0.1 mM NADP+ is 6% of that with NAD+
NAD+
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the reduction activity with NADP+ is 10% of that with NAD+
NADP+
the activity with 1 mM NADP+ is 4.7% of that with 1 mM NAD+
NADP+
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the reduction activity with NADP+ is 10% of that with NAD+
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4-chloromercuribenzoate
0.2 mM: 92% inhibition
L-ascorbate
1 mM, 41% inhibition, linear-competitive inhibition, inhibition is reversible, equilibrium-type of feedback regulation for L-ascorbate synthesis; reversible inhibition by the end-product of the biosynthetic pathway
L-galactono-1,4-lactone
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uncompetitive
oxidized glutathione
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5 mM, 65% inhibition; 65% inhibition with 5 mM
p-chloromercuribenzoate
0.2 mM, 92% inhibition
N-ethylmaleimide
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1 mM, 90% inhibition; 90% inhibition with 1 mM
N-ethylmaleimide
5 mM: 67% inhibition; 5 mM, 67% inhibition. Inhibition is restored to 71% by incubation with 5 mM GSH
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dithiothreitol
1 mM, 17% stimulation
DTT
1 mM: 17% stimulation
glutathione
1 mM, 28% stimulation; 1 mM: 28% stimulation
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56.3
L-fucose
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.59
NADP+
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.085
L-galactose
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.116
L-galactose
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.1162
L-galactose
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.3
L-galactose
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pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.43
L-galactose
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pH 7.5, 22°C; pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
1.5
L-gulose
pH 7.5, 37°C
3.7
L-gulose
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pH 7.5, 22°C; pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0179
NAD+
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.0203
NAD+
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
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0.133 - 0.1332
L-ascorbate
0.133
L-ascorbate
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.1332
L-ascorbate
linear-competitive inhibition, pH 7.5, 37°C
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0.25
purified protein from spinach, pH 7.5, 37°C
2.17
pH 7.5, 37°C; purified recombinant protein, pH 7.5, 37°C
16.4
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control alga, pH 7.5, 37°C
25.5
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copper treated alga, pH 7.5, 37°C
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comparison of enzyme activity and ascorbate pool size in fruit pulp of orange and Satsuma mandarins, i.e. Citrus sinensis and Citrus unshiu, overview
brenda
comparison of enzyme activity and ascorbate pool size in fruit pulp of orange and Satsuma mandarins, i.e. Citrus sinensis and Citrus unshiu, overview
brenda
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the enzyme shows an expression pattern similar to the ascorbate levels and changes in fruits during development, overview
brenda
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the enzyme shows an expression pattern similar to the ascorbate levels and changes in fruits during development, overview
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additional information
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quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis
brenda
additional information
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quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis in peel pulp and source leaf
brenda
additional information
quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis in peel pulp and source leaf
brenda
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35261
2 * 35261, calculated from sequence
36000
2 * 36000, SDS-PAGE; 2 * 36000, SDS-PAGE, gel filtration, 35261 Da calculated
40000
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4 * 40000, gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing; 4 * 40000, SDS-PAGE
42200
2 * 42200, SDS-PAGE; 2 * 42200, SDS-PAGE and gel filtration
87500
gel filtration; gel filtration, two peaks of activity at 42400 Da and 87500 Da
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homotetramer
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4 * 40000, gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing; 4 * 40000, SDS-PAGE
monomer
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1 * 35000, SDS-PAGE
homodimer
2 * 42200, SDS-PAGE; 2 * 42200, SDS-PAGE and gel filtration
homodimer
2 * 35261, calculated from sequence; 2 * 36000, SDS-PAGE; 2 * 36000, SDS-PAGE, gel filtration, 35261 Da calculated
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sitting drop vapor diffusion method, using 0.1 M bis-Tris pH 6.5, 0.2 M MgCl2, 25% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 3350
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; ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration, recombinant fusion protein by GST-affinity chromatography
; ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, Blue Sepharose affinity chromatography and gel filtration
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; immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (Ni2+) and gel filtration
Ni2+-charged HiTrap column chromatography and Superdex 200 pg gel filtration
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expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells
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expression in Escherichia coli; fusion construct with glutathione S-transferase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS
expression in Escherichia coli; His-tagged version expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)lysS, expressed in Nicotiana tabacum SRI
quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis
quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis
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quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis
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expression is rapidly activated by chilling stress, heat shock and high light
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the enzyme expression increases until day 7, with maximal level at day 5-7, of copper treatment of the alga
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GALDH_ARATH
319
34532
Swiss-Prot
A0A1Y0UWA2_ACEPA
335
36055
TrEMBL
A0A1Y0Y9K6_ACEPA
178
19318
TrEMBL
A0A0E4CYF5_9BACL
319
35285
TrEMBL
A0A1R3SZ67_9BACT
300
33756
TrEMBL
A0A1D3KZY5_9EURY
414
46621
TrEMBL
A0A1E3L259_9BACL
298
33400
TrEMBL
E9M5S4_CITUN
317
34414
TrEMBL
Q6BDJ2_SPIOL
322
35262
TrEMBL
Q84L20_MALDO
324
34974
TrEMBL
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Oh, M.M.; Carey, E.E.; Rajashekar, C.B.
Environmental stresses induce health-promoting phytochemicals in lettuce
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
47
578-583
2009
Lactuca sativa
brenda
Mieda, T.; Yabuta, Y.; Rapolu, M.; Motoki, T.; Takeda, T.; Yoshimura, K.; Ishikawa, T.; Shigeoka, S.
Feedback inhibition of spinach L-galactose dehydrogenase by L-ascorbate
Plant Cell Physiol.
45
1271-1279
2004
Spinacia oleracea (Q6BDJ2), Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Gatzek, S.; Wheeler, G.L.; Smirnoff, N.
Antisense suppression of L-galactose dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana provides evidence for its role in ascorbate synthesis and reveals light modulated L-galactose synthesis
Plant J.
30
541-553
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (O81884), Pisum sativum
brenda
Li, M.; Ma, F.; Guo, C.; Liu, J.
Ascorbic acid formation and profiling of genes expressed in its synthesis and recycling in apple leaves of different ages
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
48
216-224
2010
Malus domestica, Malus domestica (Q84L20)
brenda
Wheeler, G.L.; Jones, M.A.; Smirnoff, N.
The biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in higher plants
Nature
393
365-369
1998
Arabidopsis thaliana, Pisum sativum
brenda
Li, M.; Chen, X.; Wang, P.; Ma, F.
Ascorbic acid accumulation and expression of genes involved in its biosynthesis and recycling in developing apple fruit
J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.
136
231-238
2011
Malus domestica, Malus domestica Gala
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brenda
Yang, X.Y.; Xie, J.X.; Wang, F.F.; Zhong, J.; Liu, Y.Z.; Li, G.H.; Peng, S.A.
Comparison of ascorbate metabolism in fruits of two citrus species with obvious difference in ascorbate content in pulp
J. Plant Physiol.
168
2196-2205
2011
Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu, Citrus unshiu (E9M5S4)
brenda
Mellado, M.; Contreras, R.A.; Gonzalez, A.; Dennett, G.; Moenne, A.
Copper-induced synthesis of ascorbate, glutathione and phytochelatins in the marine alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta)
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
51
102-108
2012
Ulva compressa
brenda
Momma, M.; Fujimoto, Z.
Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of rice L-galactose dehydrogenase
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
69
809-811
2013
Oryza sativa
brenda
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