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evolution
enzyme Hermes is a member of the hAT transposon superfamily, which has active representatives, including McClintock's archetypal Ac mobile genetic element, in many eukaryotic species
evolution
IS1634-1 or gene APM_2825 in the sequenced 2007 culture might be a recent insertion in the chromosome
evolution
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protein coevolutionary information can be used to classify groups of physically connected, coevolving residues into elements called sectors, which are useful for understanding the folding, allosteric interactions, and enzymatic activity of proteins. Sleeping Beauty transposase contains two sectors, which span across conserved domains, and are enriched in DNA-binding residues, indicating that the DNA binding and endonuclease functions of the transposase coevolve. Sector residues are highly sensitive to mutations, and most mutations of these residues strongly reduce transposition rate. Mutations with a strong effect on free energy of folding in the DDE domain of the transposase significantly reduce transposition rate. Mutations that influence DNA and protein-protein interactions generally reduce transposition rate, although most hyperactive mutants are also located on the protein surface, including residues with protein-protein interactions. Hyperactivity results from the modification of protein interactions, rather than the stabilization of protein fold. Mutations in sector, conserved and core residues usually have a destabilizing effect on the structure, effects of mutations on folding energies, and effect of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions on transposition rate, overview
evolution
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Sleeping Beauty is a member of the mariner family of DNA transposons
evolution
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Sleeping Beauty is a prominent Tc1/mariner superfamily DNA transposon, mobilized by a transposase enzyme that catalyses DNA cleavage and integration at short specific sequences at the transposon ends
evolution
Tgf2 belongs to the hAT superfamily of transposons, Carassius auratus Tgf2 transposon is another autonomously active vertebrate hAT transposon
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the family of hAT transposases
evolution
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the enzyme belongs to the IS711 transposases
evolution
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the enzyme Galileo is a members of the P-element superfamily. In contrast to other members of the P-element superfamily, it has unusually long terminal inverted-repeats (TIRs) that resemble those of Foldback elements. Different subfamilies of Galileo exist, known as DbuzGalileo-K and DbuzGalileo-N,while DbuzGalileo-G denotes the subfamily of the synthetic element. The various Galileo subfamilies have TIRs of different lengths, but share significant sequence homologies at the tips of the elements where one might expect the transposase to bind. Comparison of THAP domain protein sequences and cross-reactivity between the subfamilies, overview
evolution
the enzyme is a member of the IS1634 family
evolution
the enzyme is a member of the IS1634 family
evolution
the goldfish Tgf2 transposon belongs to the Hobo/Activator/Tam3 (hAT) family. hAT elements are an ancient family of transposons and are abundant throughout a variety of species
evolution
the goldfish Tgf2 transposon belongs to the Hobo/Activator/Tam3 (hAT) family. hAT elements are an ancient family of transposons and are abundant throughout a variety of species. The NLS of Tgf2 transposase is identical to that of the Tol2 transposase, indicating the evolutionary importance of these sequences for NLS function
evolution
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the IS1341-type transposase is part of the widespread IS200/605 family, the most ancient family in the archaeal domain of life. Presence in Halobacterium salinarum strain NRC-1 of a probable sotRNA in a nonfunctional IS1341-type transposase gene, a truncated small 120 bp long pseudogene identical to OE5220R, suggests that sotRNA presence may somehow be the reason why these defective elements have not been lost from the genomes
evolution
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the SB transposon is the most active DNA transposon in vertebrate animal cells
evolution
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the IS1341-type transposase is part of the widespread IS200/605 family, the most ancient family in the archaeal domain of life. Presence in Halobacterium salinarum strain NRC-1 of a probable sotRNA in a nonfunctional IS1341-type transposase gene, a truncated small 120 bp long pseudogene identical to OE5220R, suggests that sotRNA presence may somehow be the reason why these defective elements have not been lost from the genomes
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evolution
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the enzyme belongs to the IS711 transposases
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evolution
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the enzyme is a member of the IS1634 family
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malfunction
P13988; P13989
a TnsC mutant defective in interaction with TnsB is defective for Tn7 transposition both in vitro and in vivo
malfunction
loss of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain results in expression in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus
malfunction
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mutation of the GI-2 int gene and the wbk IS transposase in Rev 1, resulting in strain Rev2, maintains the S phenotype and shows lower dissociation levels. Combining the two mutations results in a strain (Rev 2) displaying a 95% decrease in dissociation with respect to parental Rev 1 under conditions promoting dissociation. Rev 2 does not differ from Rev 1 in the characteristics used in Rev 1 typing, i.e. growth rate, colonial size, reactivity with O-polysaccharide antibodies, phage, dye and antibiotic susceptibility. Strains Rev 2 and Rev 1 show similar attenuation and afforded similar protection in the mouse model of brucellosis vaccines. Deletions involving GI-2 and wbkA are the major causes of S-R dissociation of Bacillus melitensis strain Rev 1
malfunction
two truncated recombinant Tgf2 transposases with deletions in the N-terminal zinc finger domain, S1- and S2-Tgf2TPase, from goldfish cDNAs both losing their DNA-binding ability in vitro, specifically at the ends of Tgf2 transposon. Mutant S1- and S2-Tgf2TPases mediate gene transfer in the zebrafish genome in vivo at a significantly lower efficiency (21%-25%), in comparison with L-Tgf2TPase (56% efficiency). Compared to L-Tgf2TPase, truncated Tgf2TPases catalyze imprecise excisions with partial deletion of TE ends and/or plasmid backbone insertion/deletion. The gene integration into the zebrafish genome mediated by truncated Tgf2TPases is imperfect, creating incomplete 8-bp target site duplications at the insertion sites. N-terminal truncated Tgf2 transposases lose their DNA-binding activity
malfunction
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mutation of the GI-2 int gene and the wbk IS transposase in Rev 1, resulting in strain Rev2, maintains the S phenotype and shows lower dissociation levels. Combining the two mutations results in a strain (Rev 2) displaying a 95% decrease in dissociation with respect to parental Rev 1 under conditions promoting dissociation. Rev 2 does not differ from Rev 1 in the characteristics used in Rev 1 typing, i.e. growth rate, colonial size, reactivity with O-polysaccharide antibodies, phage, dye and antibiotic susceptibility. Strains Rev 2 and Rev 1 show similar attenuation and afforded similar protection in the mouse model of brucellosis vaccines. Deletions involving GI-2 and wbkA are the major causes of S-R dissociation of Bacillus melitensis strain Rev 1
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metabolism
P13988; P13989
DNA cut-and-paste transposons are discrete DNA segments that move from place to place within genomes via excision from a donor site by double-strand DNA breaks and insertion into a target site. These events are mediated by nucleoprotein complexes whose assembly regulates and coordinates breakage and joining. Multiple protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions are involved in assembly of these nucleoprotein complexes
metabolism
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Hfq represses IS10/Tn10 transposase expression through both antisense RNA-dependent and independent mechanisms. Hfq binds directly to the ribosome-binding site of IS10 transposase mRNA to inhibit translation, regulatory role of Hfq in the absence of the IS10 antisense RNA. The interaction is critical for the in vivo association of Hfq and RNA-IN. Hfq is a critical component of post-transcriptional regulatory networks in most bacteria
physiological function
IS30-like transposase in the archaeal kingdom may have relevance for horizontal gene transfer
physiological function
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Galileo is a DNA transposon responsible for the generation of several chromosomal inversions in Drosophila
physiological function
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IS10R encodes a functional transposase protein that catalyzes the chemical steps in Tn10/IS10 transposition. In addition to transposase mRNA (RNA-IN), IS10 encodes an asRNA (RNA-OUT) that represses transposase translation by blocking ribosome binding
physiological function
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Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is a nonviral gene transfer vector, already used in clinical trials. Full-length dysferlin transfer by the hyperactive sleeping beauty transposase restores dysferlin-deficient muscle, which can be used for nonviral gene delivery of full-length human dysferlin into muscle cells, along with a successful and efficient transplantation into into skeletal muscle to cure dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy by gene therapy. Dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy is a progressive disease characterized by muscle weakness and wasting caused by mutations in DYSF, a large, multiexonic gene that forms a coding sequence of 6.2 kb. The hyperactive SB system consists of a transposon DNA sequence and a transposase protein, SB100X, that can integrate DNA over 10 kb into the target genome
physiological function
Tgf2 is an autonomously active vertebrate transposon that is efficient at gene-transfer in teleost fish
physiological function
Tgf2 transposase can mediate efficient gene transfer in teleost fish
physiological function
P13988; P13989
the excision of transposon Tn7 from a donor site and its insertion into its preferred target site, attachment site attTn7, is mediated by four Tn7-encoded transposition proteins: TnsA, TnsB, TnsC, and TnsD. Transposition requires the assembly of a nucleoprotein complex containing all four Tns proteins and the DNA substrates, the donor site containing Tn7, and the preferred target site attTn7. TnsA and TnsB together form the heteromeric Tn7 transposase, and TnsD is a target-selecting protein that binds specifically to attTn7. TnsC is the key regulator of transposition, interacting with both the TnsAB transposase and TnsD-attTn7. TnsC interacts directly with TnsB via its C-terminus, identification of the specific region of TnsC involved in the TnsB-TnsC interaction during transposition. TnsC amino acids L475 and L476 play important roles in the interaction of the peptide TnsB with TnsC. Tn7 displays cis-acting target immunity, which blocks Tn7 insertion into a target DNA that already contains Tn7, the direct TnsB-TnsC interaction also mediates cis-acting Tn7 target immunity. TnsC also interacts directly with the target selector protein TnsD, TnsC and TnsD together form a complex with the transposon attachment site attTn7. Interaction analysis, overview
physiological function
the maize activator (Ac) transposase recognizes and excises Ac and Dissociation (Ds) elements and mediates insertion elsewhere in the genome. Insertions of Ds can cause disruption in gene sequences, involvement of Ac transposase in Ds movement
physiological function
all the catalytic steps of transposition occur within the context of a dimeric transpososome. Transposition is carried out by a single transposase dimer and double strand cleavage at the transposon ends is carried out by the same active site. The DDE/D active site can hydrolyze DNA strands of opposite polarity
physiological function
Q9PTV0; Q9PTV1
following microinjection using a zebrafish embryo test system, purified Tol2-M transposase protein readily catalyzes gene transfer in both somatic and germline tissues in vivo. Purified Tol2-M transposase can promote both in vitro cutting and pasting in a defined system lacking other cellular factors. A primary sequence of the target site is likely to play a critical role in Tol2 integration site selection
physiological function
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hAT transposase Buster forms filamentous structures, or rodlets, in human tissue culture cells, after gene transfer to adult mice, and ex vivo in cell-free conditions. GFP-laced rodlets in human cells form quickly in a dynamic process involving fusion and fission. Transposition declines after transposase concentrations become high enough for visible transposase rodlets to appear
physiological function
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Kat1 promotes joining of the transposon end into a target DNA molecule in vitro. Kat1 can form hexamers when complexed with DNA. Kat1 binds DNA non-specifically and the DNA interaction is dependent on a Zn2+-finger motif in its N-terminus
physiological function
the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain is essential for DNA breakage, joining and transposition. The region of amino acids 530-594 binds to specific DNA sequences in the left and right transposon ends, and to an additional internal site at the left end. The C-terminal cysteine-rich domain adopts the specific fold of the cross-brace zinc finger protein family and interacts with the 5'-TGCGT-3'/3'-ACGCA-5' motif of the 19-bp repeats
physiological function
The IS30-like DDE transposase of ICE6013 must be uninterrupted for excision to occur, whereas disrupting three of the other open reading frames on the element significantly affects the level of excision. ICE6013 conjugatively transfers to different Staphylococcus aureus backgrounds at frequencies approaching that of the conjugative plasmid pGO1. Excision is required for conjugation, and not all Staphylococcus aureus backgrounds are successful recipients. Transconjugants acquire the ability to transfer ICE6013. A significant integration site preference is observed for a 15-bp AT-rich palindromic consensus sequence, which surrounds the 3-bp target site that is duplicated upon integration
physiological function
the RING-finger domain present toward the C-terminus of the transposase is vital for dimerization of this enzyme. The deletion of the RING-finger domain or the last seven residues of the RING-finger domain results in a monomeric protein that binds the terminal end of the transposon with nearly the same affinity as wild type piggyBac transposase. The monomeric constructs exhibit more than 2fold enhancement in the excision activity of the enzyme
physiological function
Tn5 transposase is capable of direct tagmentation of RNA/DNA hybrids in vitro. This activity can be used to replace the traditional library construction procedure of RNA sequencing
physiological function
Tn5 transposase preferentially targets near the entry-exit DNA regions within the nucleosome. Tn5 transposase minimally cleaves the dinucleosome without a linker DNA. A linker DNA length of 10-15 base-pairs is important for the efficient Tn5 integration reaction. In the presence of a 30 base-pair linker DNA, Tn5 transposase targets the middle of the linker DNA, in addition to the entry-exit sites of the nucleosome
physiological function
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transposase Pgm is essential for DNA cleavage at ends of internal eliminated sequences. The DDD triad and the cysteine-rich domain are essential for Pgm activity and mutations in either domain have a dominant-negative effect in wild-type cells. A mutant lacking the cysteine-rich domain is partially active in the presence of limiting Pgm amounts, but inactive when Pgm is completely absent
physiological function
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IS30-like transposase in the archaeal kingdom may have relevance for horizontal gene transfer
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additional information
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deletion of the GI-2 integrase and the wbkA flanking transposase improves the stability of Brucella melitensis , Rev 1 mutant strain Rev2 is more effectively used as a vaccine compared to strain Rev 1, overview
additional information
increasing the strength of the interaction between beta sliding clamp and transposase results in a higher transposition rate in vivo. The interaction might determine the potential of insertion sequences to be mobilized in bacterial populations and also their ability to proliferate within chromosomes. Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic elements as they often contain just a single gene encoding the transposase required for transposition
additional information
increasing the strength of the interaction between beta sliding clamp and transposase results in a higher transposition rate in vivo. The interaction might determine the potential of insertion sequences to be mobilized in bacterial populations and also their ability to proliferate within chromosomes. Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic elements as they often contain just a single gene encoding the transposase required for transposition. Ability of the Acidiphilium IS1634 family member to proliferate in Escherichia coli, an organism in which this IS family has never been detected
additional information
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modeling of the SB transposase/transposon end/target DNA complex, overview
additional information
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temperature dependence of the PAI self-diffusion coefficient at pH 5.0 and pH 7.0 over the temperature range 5-35°C, pH 5.0, detection by NMR spectroscopy and intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence and rayleigh light scattering
additional information
the Tgf2 element is 4,720 bp long, and the full length Tgf2 transposase is 686 aa long, structure modeling, overview
additional information
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the Tgf2 element is 4,720 bp long, and the full length Tgf2 transposase is 686 aa long, structure modeling, overview
additional information
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deletion of the GI-2 integrase and the wbkA flanking transposase improves the stability of Brucella melitensis , Rev 1 mutant strain Rev2 is more effectively used as a vaccine compared to strain Rev 1, overview
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additional information
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increasing the strength of the interaction between beta sliding clamp and transposase results in a higher transposition rate in vivo. The interaction might determine the potential of insertion sequences to be mobilized in bacterial populations and also their ability to proliferate within chromosomes. Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic elements as they often contain just a single gene encoding the transposase required for transposition
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