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2.5.1.29: geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 2.5.1.29

Reaction

(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
+
isopentenyl diphosphate
=
diphosphate
 +
geranylgeranyl diphosphate

Synonyms

At4g36810, bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, BTS1, CcGGDPS1, CcGGDPS2, CotB1, CrtE, DR1395, EgcrtE, EuFPS1, EuFPS2, farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyl-diphosphate/geranylgeranyldiphosphate, farnesyltransferase, FPPS/GGPPS, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 11, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase GACE1337, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase GGPPS1-1, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase GGPPS1-2, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase, geranylgeranyl-PP synthetase, geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate synthase, GGDP synthase, GGDPS, GGPP synthase, GGPP-S, GGPPase, GGPPS, GGPPS 1, GGPPS 191, GGPPS 2, GGPPS 3, GGPPS 595, GGPPS 727, GGPPS1, GGPPS11, GGPS, Ggps1, GGs1, GgsA, GgsB, GGSP1, gps, HpGGPPS, HsGGPPS, IbGGPS, IdsA, isoprenyl diphosphate synthase, leaf-specific geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, More, PaxG, PfFPPS, PfGGPPS, Saci_0092, short-chain type-III GGPP, synthetase, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, TgFPPS, Tk-IdsA, trans-prenyl diphosphate synthase, type II geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, type-III geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, type-III GGPPS

ECTree

     2 Transferases
         2.5 Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups
             2.5.1 Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups (only sub-subclass identified to date)
                2.5.1.29 geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

Cloned

Cloned on EC 2.5.1.29 - geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
a short and a long clone, which differ in the substrate specificity, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genetic organization, functional complementation of an Escherichia coli strain carrying an Erwinia uredovora gene cluster encoding all pathway enzymes needed for carotenoid biosynthesis, except for GGPPS, expression of His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
astaxanthin yield in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enhanced by combinational metabolic engineering and protein engineering targeting at the insufficient precursor supply and the weak downstream pathway capacity. Through introducing the positive GGPP synthase mutant CrtE03M together with overexpression of tHMG1, CrtI and CrtYB (from the cDNA of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), the supply of the precursor beta-carotene is increased. Efficient conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin is achieved through increasing beta-carotene ketolase activity via directed evolution
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), functional complementation of the carotenogenic crt gene cluster in Escherichia coli, YFP-tagged GGPPS expression in Catharanthus roseus cell culture
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, recombinant expression of His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain Rosetta (DE3)
expression in BL21 gold bacteria
-
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli and in Picea abies embryogenic tissue
expression in Escherichia coli as His-tagged protein
expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) as an N-terminal histidine-tagged ubiquitin fusion protein using the high-level expression vector pHUE
expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21
-
expression in Escherichia coli, CcGGDPS1
-
expression in Nicotiana tabacum
-
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
expression in yeast mutant lacking GGPPS activity, the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is free of introns
-
expression of N-terminally His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli
-
expression of preprotein and truncated versions in Escherichia coli
-
expression of the His-tagged nezym ein Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escheichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
-
gene ape_1385, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3)
gene crtE, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, functional expression in Escherichia coli, overexpression in transgenic Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous
-
gene crtE, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene crtE, recombinant overexpression of N-terminally His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), overexpression in gene idsA-deficient Corynebacterium glutamicum cells
-
gene DbGGPS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis
-
gene DR1395, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison with gene DR0932, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21
gene erg20 mutants, recombinant expression of N-terminally myc-tagged enzyme, coexpression of the enzyme fused to Cistus creticus 8-hydroxycopalyl diphosphate synthase, CcCLS in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain AM205
gene ggpps 1, i.e. ggpps727, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, phylogenetic analysis and tree
gene ggpps 2, i.e. ggpps191, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, phylogenetic analysis and tree
gene ggpps 3, i.e. ggpps595, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, phylogenetic analysis and tree
gene GGPPS, recombinant expression of His-tagged wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain JM109
gene GGPPS1, splicing variant isozyme A, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons
gene GGPPS1, splicing variant isozyme B, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons
gene GGPPS11, constructs containing the GGPPS11 promoter and/or coding region are constructed and used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and GGPPS11-defective mutant plants, mutant genotyping, overview. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis of wild-type and mutant GGPPS11 enzyme expression
gene GGPS, recombinant expression of chloroplast-targeted GFP-tagged or untagged GGPS isolated from Helianthus annuus under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in Nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Taraxacum brevicorniculatum chloroplasts using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfection method
gene GGPS1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression analysis, phylogenetic analysis
gene GGPS1, genotyping, subcloning in Escherichia coli, expression of GFP-tagged enzyme in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens (GV3101) transfection by floral dipping, semi-quantitative RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
gene GGPS2, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression analysis, phylogenetic analysis
gene IbGGPS, sequence comparisons, transient expression of the GFP-tagged enzyme in specific areas of the plasma membrane of epidermal cells of onion Allium sp. and in chloroplasts of leaves of Nicotiana benthaminana. The coding region of IbGGPS is cloned into a binary vector under the control of 35S promoter and then transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 to obtain transgenic plants. Transformations are made using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105, semi- and quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis
gene idsA, recombinant overexpression of N-terminally His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
-
gene PF3D7_1128400, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, recombinant expression of GST-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3+) pLys RIL
gene PVX_092040
-
gene RsGGPPS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, expression in Escherichia coli strain JM109
GGPS and the mutant enzymes are expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies
-
heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. TgFPPS is also expressed in the baculovirus system and is biochemically characterized
introduction into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast. Heat treatment abolishes the prenyltransferase activity of the wild strain, bit the activity f the transformant remains
-
overexpressed in Escherichia coli
overexpression in Escherichia coli
-
overexpression of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (the BTS1 gene product) increases the intracellular beta-carotene levels due to the accelerated conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate to geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Expression of BTS1 in Sacharomyces cerevisiae under the control of a strong and constitutive ADH1 promoter, leads to a 22fold increase in beta-carotene production
-
overexpression of maltose-binding protein-fusion protein or glutathion S-transferase-fusion protein in Escherichia coli
-
overexpression of the cyclooctatin biosynthetic gene cluster in Escherichia coli
protein expressed from 1a-type mRNA is active, protein expressed from 1b-type mRNA is inactive, expression level in HeLa cells, Cos-7 and 293 cells is about 10% relative to that in Escherichia coli. When fusion of beta-galactosidase with C-terminal regions differing between the 1a-type and the 1b-type proteins are expressed in HeLa cells, the expressed fusion proteins are both active but the latter fusion protein expresion level is considerably low compared with the former one
SmGGPPS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison, semi-quantitative one-step RT-PCR expression analysis, expression in Escherichia coli strains BL21(DE3) and D5alpha
the histidine-tagged deletion mutants (from the carboxyl terminus) (DELTA-4, DELTA-8, DELTA-12 and DELTa-16) are overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified in a stable form by nickel affinity chromatography except for one mutant DELTA-16
-
to engineer a host that has the capability to supply geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a common precursor of isoprenoids, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (encoded by idi) from Escherichia coli and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (encoded by gps) from Archaeoglobus fulgidus are cloned and overexpressed. The latter was shown to be a multifunctional enzyme converting dimethylallyl diphosphate to geranylgeranyl diphosphate. These two genes and the gene cluster (crtBIYZW) of the marine bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum are introduced into Escherichia coli to produce astaxanthin, an orange pigment and antioxidant. The metabolically engineered strain produces astaxanthin at a very high rate