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2.5.1.29: geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 2.5.1.29

Reaction

(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
+
isopentenyl diphosphate
=
diphosphate
+
geranylgeranyl diphosphate

Synonyms

At4g36810, bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, BTS1, CcGGDPS1, CcGGDPS2, CotB1, CrtE, DR1395, EgcrtE, EuFPS1, EuFPS2, farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyl-diphosphate/geranylgeranyldiphosphate, farnesyltransferase, FPPS/GGPPS, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 11, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase GACE1337, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase GGPPS1-1, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase GGPPS1-2, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase, geranylgeranyl-PP synthetase, geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate synthase, GGDP synthase, GGDPS, GGPP synthase, GGPP-S, GGPPase, GGPPS, GGPPS 1, GGPPS 191, GGPPS 2, GGPPS 3, GGPPS 595, GGPPS 727, GGPPS1, GGPPS11, GGPS, Ggps1, GGs1, GgsA, GgsB, GGSP1, gps, HpGGPPS, HsGGPPS, IbGGPS, IdsA, isoprenyl diphosphate synthase, leaf-specific geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, More, PaxG, PfFPPS, PfGGPPS, Saci_0092, short-chain type-III GGPP, synthetase, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, TgFPPS, Tk-IdsA, trans-prenyl diphosphate synthase, type II geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, type-III geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, type-III GGPPS

ECTree

     2 Transferases
         2.5 Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups
             2.5.1 Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups (only sub-subclass identified to date)
                2.5.1.29 geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

Application

Application on EC 2.5.1.29 - geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
agriculture
enzyme GGPS expression in crop plants may yield desirable agronomic traits, including enhanced growth of shoots and roots, early flowering, greater numbers of seed pods and/or higher seed yield with potential applications for fast production of plant biomass that provides commercially valuable biomaterials or bioenergy
biotechnology
reconstruction of the isoprenoid pathway in Escherichia coli. To engineer a host that has the capability to supply geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a common precursor of isoprenoids, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (encoded by idi) from Escherichia coli and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (encoded by gps) from Archaeoglobus fulgidus are cloned and overexpressed. The latter is shown to be a multifunctional enzyme converting dimethylallyl diphosphate to geranylgeranyl diphosphate. These two genes and the gene cluster (crtBIYZW) of the marine bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum are introduced into Escherichia coli to produce astaxanthin, an orange pigment and antioxidant. The metabolically engineered strain produces astaxanthin at a very high rate
diagnostics
overexpression of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase correlates with poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma and contributes to metastasis through regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition
drug development
food industry
medicine
nutrition
engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for de novo production of the food and feed additive astaxanthin by fermentation. The astaxanthin-producing Yarrowia lipolytica shows great promise for employment in biological astaxanthin production. The genes for beta-carotene biosynthesis: bi-functional phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase (crtYB) and phytoene desaturase (crtI) from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhousa are introduced. The activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG1) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGS1/crtE) in the best producing strain are optimized. Downregulation of the competing squalene synthase SQS1 increases the beta-carotene titer. Then a beta-carotene ketolase (crtW) from Paracoccus sp. N81106 and hydroxylase (crtZ) from Pantoea ananatis are introduced to convert beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The constructed strain accumulates 10.4 mg/l of astaxanthin but also accumulates astaxanthin biosynthesis intermediates, 5.7 mg/l canthaxanthin, and 35.3 mg/l echinenone. The copy numbers of crtZ and crtW are optimized to obtain 3.5 mg/g dry cell weight (54.6 mg/l) of astaxanthin in a microtiter plate cultivation
pharmacology
synthesis