2.4.1.82: galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.4.1.82
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2.4.1.82
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oligosaccharide
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stachyose
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verbascose
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monogastric
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agriculture
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cold-responsive
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antinutritional
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synthesis
- 2.4.1.82
- oligosaccharide
- stachyose
- verbascose
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monogastric
- agriculture
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cold-responsive
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antinutritional
- synthesis
Reaction
Synonyms
alkaline alpha galactosidase 1, At4g01970, galactinol:sucrose 6-galactosyl transferase, galactosyltransferase, galactinol-sucrose, More, raffinose synthase, raffinose synthase 1, raffinose synthase 2, raffinose synthase 3, raffinose synthase 4, raffinose synthase 5, raffinose synthase 6, RafS, RFO synthase/galactosylhydrolase, RFS4, RFS5, RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4, RS5, RS6, ZmRAFS
ECTree
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General Information
General Information on EC 2.4.1.82 - galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase
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malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
leaves of RFS5 mutant plants fail to accumulate any raffinose under diverse abiotic stresses including water-deficit, high salinity, heat shock, and methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress. Correlated to the lack of raffinose under these abiotic stress conditions, both mutant plants lack the typical stress-induced raffinose synthase activity increase observed in the leaves of wild-type plants
malfunction
metabolite phenotype of DELTAAtRS4 mutant seeds, overview
malfunction
two independent maize (Zea mays) zmrafs mutant lines, in which raffinose is completely abolished, are more sensitive to chilling stress and their net photosynthetic product (total soluble sugars and starch) accumulation is significantly decreased compared with controls after chilling stress. In a mutant of the maize dehydration responsive element (DRE)-binding protein 1A (zmdreb1a), ZmRAFS expression and raffinose content are significantly decreased compared with the control under chilling stress. Overexpression of maize ZmDREB1A in maize leaf protoplasts increases ZmDREB1A amounts, which consequently upregulate the expression of maize ZmRAFS and the Renilla luciferase (Rluc), that is controlled by the ZmRAFS promoter. Deletion of the single dehydration-responsive element (DRE) in the ZmRAFS promoter abolishes ZmDREB1A's influence on Rluc expression, while addition of three copies of the DRE in the ZmRAFS promoter dramatically increases Rluc expression when ZmDREB1A is simultaneously overexpressed. Mutant phenotypes, overview
malfunction
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metabolite phenotype of DELTAAtRS4 mutant seeds, overview
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malfunction
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two independent maize (Zea mays) zmrafs mutant lines, in which raffinose is completely abolished, are more sensitive to chilling stress and their net photosynthetic product (total soluble sugars and starch) accumulation is significantly decreased compared with controls after chilling stress. In a mutant of the maize dehydration responsive element (DRE)-binding protein 1A (zmdreb1a), ZmRAFS expression and raffinose content are significantly decreased compared with the control under chilling stress. Overexpression of maize ZmDREB1A in maize leaf protoplasts increases ZmDREB1A amounts, which consequently upregulate the expression of maize ZmRAFS and the Renilla luciferase (Rluc), that is controlled by the ZmRAFS promoter. Deletion of the single dehydration-responsive element (DRE) in the ZmRAFS promoter abolishes ZmDREB1A's influence on Rluc expression, while addition of three copies of the DRE in the ZmRAFS promoter dramatically increases Rluc expression when ZmDREB1A is simultaneously overexpressed. Mutant phenotypes, overview
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biosynthesis of RFOs proceeds by stepwise transfer of galactosyl units. The second step involves raffinose synthase, AtRS5, EC 2.4.1.82, which transfers the galactosyl unit from galactinol to the C6 position of the glucose unit in sucrose forming an alpha-1,6-galactosidic linkage to yield the trisaccharide raffinose. In a third step, stachyose synthase, AtRS4, EC 2.4.1.67, transfers the galactosyl moiety from galactinol to the C6 position of the galactose unit in raffinose to yield the tetrasaccharide stachyose
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the second step in raffinose biosynthesis
metabolism
raffinose synthase (RAFS) is the key enzyme for raffinose biosynthesis
metabolism
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biosynthesis of RFOs proceeds by stepwise transfer of galactosyl units. The second step involves raffinose synthase, AtRS5, EC 2.4.1.82, which transfers the galactosyl unit from galactinol to the C6 position of the glucose unit in sucrose forming an alpha-1,6-galactosidic linkage to yield the trisaccharide raffinose. In a third step, stachyose synthase, AtRS4, EC 2.4.1.67, transfers the galactosyl moiety from galactinol to the C6 position of the galactose unit in raffinose to yield the tetrasaccharide stachyose
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physiological function
raffinose synthase 2 plays a role in heat shock reaction and protection from oxidative stress
physiological function
raffinose synthase 4 plays a role in protection from oxidative stress
physiological function
raffinose synthase 5 plays a role in protection from oxidative stress
physiological function
raffinose synthase 6 plays a role in protection from oxidative stress
physiological function
raffinose synthase catalyzes the transfer of galactosyl residue from galactinol to sucrose to form raffinose
physiological function
AtRS4 is the only stachyose synthase in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. It represents a key regulation mechanism in the raffinose family oligosaccharide physiology of Arabidosis thaliana due to its multifunctional enzyme activity. AtRS4 is possibly the second seed-specific raffinose synthase beside AtRS5, which is responsible for raffinose accumulation under abiotic stress
physiological function
the enzyme is responsible for low temperature-induced raffinose accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves
physiological function
in seeds of the galactinol synthase GS1/GS2 and raffinose synthase RFS5 mutant the timing of desiccation tolerance acquisition is delayed as compared to wild type. Seeds from GS1/GS2 overexpressing plants with high levels of galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose, and RS5 overexpressing plants possess more raffinose and stachyose but less galactinol compared to wild type. These lines show greater germination percentage and shorter time to 50% germination after desiccation treatment at 11 and 15 days after flower. The role of raffinose family oligosaccharides is time limited and mainly affects the middle stage of seed development by enhancing seed viability and the ratio of GSH to GSSH in cells, but there is no significant difference in desiccation tolerance of mature seeds
physiological function
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maize RAFS mutant lines, in which raffinose is completely abolished, are more sensitive to chilling stress and their net photosynthetic product (total soluble sugars and starch) accumulation is significantly decreased compared with controls after chilling stress. RAFS expression and raffinose content are significantly decreased compared with its control under chilling stress. Overexpression of maize dehydration responsive element (DRE)-binding protein DREB1A in maize leaf protoplasts increases DREB1A amounts, which upregulates the expression of maize. Deletion of the single dehydration-responsive element (DRE) in the RAFS promoter abolishes DREB1A's influence
physiological function
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RAFS mutant maize plants completely lack raffinose, hyper-accumulate galactinol and are more sensitive to drought stress than the corresponding null-segregant plants. RAFS overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances drought stress tolerance by increasing myo-inositol levels via RAFS-mediated galactinol hydrolysis in the leaves due to sucrose insufficiency in leaf cells and also enhances raffinose synthesis in the seeds. Supplementation of sucrose to detached leaves converts RAFS from hydrolyzing galactinol to synthesizing raffinose
physiological function
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AtRS4 is the only stachyose synthase in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. It represents a key regulation mechanism in the raffinose family oligosaccharide physiology of Arabidosis thaliana due to its multifunctional enzyme activity. AtRS4 is possibly the second seed-specific raffinose synthase beside AtRS5, which is responsible for raffinose accumulation under abiotic stress
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changes in soluble carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, raffinose family oligosaccharides, raffinose and galactinol) in 7-days-old seedling tissues during dehydration for 24 h, overview
additional information
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changes in soluble carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, raffinose family oligosaccharides, raffinose and galactinol) in 7-days-old seedling tissues during dehydration for 24 h, overview
additional information
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changes in soluble carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, raffinose family oligosaccharides, raffinose and galactinol) in 7-days-old seedling tissues during dehydration for 24 h, overview
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