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2.4.1.16: chitin synthase

This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about chitin synthase, go to the full flat file.

Word Map on EC 2.4.1.16

Reaction

UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
+
[(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl]n
=
UDP
 +
[(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl]n+1

Synonyms

AaCHS-1, acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin-uridine diphosphate, AgCHS-1, AgCHS-2, Ar-CS1, BcChsVI, BmCHSA-2a, BmCHSA-2b, CaChs1, CaChs2p, chitin synthase 1, chitin synthase 2, chitin synthase 3, chitin synthase 3a, chitin synthase 4, chitin synthase 5, chitin synthase 6, chitin synthase 7, chitin synthase A, chitin synthase B, chitin synthase II, chitin synthase III, chitin synthase protein 2, chitin synthetase, chitin synthetase I, chitin synthetase II, chitin synthetase III, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 1, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 2, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 3, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 4, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 5, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 6, chitin-UDP acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase 7, chitin-UDP N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, chitin-uridine diphosphate acetylglucosaminyltransferase, CHS, CHS B, chs-1, chs-2, CHS-3, CHS-6, Chs1, CHS1a, CHS1b, CHS1p, Chs2, CHS2p, CHS3, CHS3a, Chs3p, CHS4, Chs4p, CHS5, CHS6, CHS7, Chs8, chsA, chsB, chsC, chsE, CHSI, CHSIIIa, CHSIIIb, class A chitin synthase, class I CHS, class IV CaChs3p, class IV chitin synthase, class IV CHS, class V chitin synthase, class Vb chitin synthase, class VII chitin synthase, class-A CHS, class-B CHS, class-II chitin synthase 1, CSI, CSII, CSIII, CsmA, CsmB, DmCHS-1, DmCHS-2, DmeChSB, EhCHS-1, EhCHS-2, LcCHS-1, LeChs1, LsCHS-1, Mcs1, More, MsCHS-1, MsCHS1, MsCHS2, myosin motor-like chitin synthase, Ov-chs-2, PdChsVII, TcCHS1, TcCHS2, trans-N-acetylglucosaminosylase, UDP-GlcNAc:chitin 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, UmCHS3, UmCHS6, WdCHS1, WdChs3p, WdChs5p

ECTree

     2 Transferases
         2.4 Glycosyltransferases
             2.4.1 Hexosyltransferases
                2.4.1.16 chitin synthase

Expression

Expression on EC 2.4.1.16 - chitin synthase

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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CHS7 transcription is strongly induced on germination of spores, and a tagged Chs7 protein is produced abundantly during infection-related morphogenesis
decrease in transcription under higher osmotic conditions, e.g., in the presence of 0.3 M KCl
exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone and methoprene, a juvenile hormone analogue, significantly upregulate the expression of BmChsB when the levels of endogenous molting hormone are low and the levels of endogenous juvenile hormone are high immediately after molting. When levels of endogenous molting hormone are high and those of endogenous juvenile hormone are low during the molting stage, exogenous 20-hydroxyecdyson does not upregulate BmChsB expression and exogenous methoprene upregulates it negligibly. When the endogenous hormone levels are low during the mulberry-leaf intake process, BmChsB expression is upregulated by exogenous methoprene
exogenous hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone and methoprene, significantly upregulate the expression of gene BmChsA at low levels of endogenous molting hormone and high levels of endogenous juvenile hormone immediately after molting. With low levels of endogenous hormones during the mulberry intake process, BmChsA is rarely upregulated by exogenous hormones. With high levels of endogenous molting hormone and low levels of endogenous juvenile hormone during the molting stage, upregulation of gene BmChsA by exogenous hormones is not detected
isoform CHS1b reaches its highest expression level 2 days after molting
low glucose concentrations of 0.05% instead of 3% provoke a derepression of transcription. Oxidative stress due to mycelial growth in presence of 5 mM H2O2, induces higher transcription levels
low glucose concentrations of 0.05% instead of3% provoke a derepression of transcription. Oxidative stress due to mycelial growth in presence of 5 mM H2O2, induces higher transcription levels
mRNA expression level is near the very height of expression at the fifth to sixth instars and pupal period
nikkomycin Z, a chitin synthase inhibitor, downregulates the expression of BmChsA and decreases the amount of epidermis chitin during the molting process
presence of alternative exons CHSA-2a and CHSA-2b. Transcripts of both exons are preferentially expressed in epidermis. During growth and development of Ostrinia furnacalis, CHSA-2a is mainly expressed during larval-larval molting and larval-pupal transformation, as well as in newly-laid eggs, while CHSA-2b is expressed only during the larval-larval molting
the expression of isoform CHS1a is highest just after molting
the expression of isoforms CHS1 is highest just after molting
the transcription level is relatively constant at the 4th instar stage but decreases between the 4th and the 5th instar molting time, with gradually increase throughout the 5th instar. Transcription level drops dramatically when the feeding ceases at the 6th day of the 5th instar. At the larval-pupal molting time, only minor amounts of transcripts can be detected. During the pupal stages, the transcription level increases at the 3rd day and then drops at the 4th day, suggesting that the enzyme might be involved in tissue reconstruction during the pupa-adult metamorphosis
treatment of Candida albicans with low levels of echinocandins such as caspofungin, echinocandin B, cilofungin and anidulafungin stimulates chitin synthase gene expression, increases Chs activity, elevates chitin content and reduced efficacy of these drugs
-
up-regulation of the expression of enzyme gene CHSA corresponds with the pupal wing enlargement
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