2.3.2.13: protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.3.2.13
-
2.3.2.13
-
celiac
-
coagulation
-
clot
-
fibrinogen
-
crosslinking
-
gluten
-
serological
-
bleeding
-
thrombin
-
autoimmune
-
children
-
autoantibody
-
platelet
-
gluten-free
-
keratinocytes
-
anti-tissue
-
gliadin
-
collagen
-
duodenal
-
igg
-
bowel
-
deamidated
-
fibronectin
-
villous
-
keratin
-
fibrinolysis
-
plasminogen
-
isopeptide
-
involucrin
-
enteropathy
-
prothrombin
-
cornified
-
plasmin
-
hemostatic
-
endoscopy
-
marsh
-
gelation
-
texture
-
ichthyosis
-
fibrinopeptide
-
cryoprecipitate
-
gastroenterology
-
rheological
-
leiden
-
malabsorption
-
filaggrin
-
nutrition
-
analysis
-
agriculture
-
diagnostics
-
antifibrinolytic
-
medicine
-
synthesis
-
food industry
-
biotechnology
-
histiocytomas
-
sealant
-
2-antiplasmin
- 2.3.2.13
- celiac
- coagulation
- clot
- fibrinogen
-
crosslinking
- gluten
-
serological
- bleeding
- thrombin
- autoimmune
- children
- autoantibody
- platelet
-
gluten-free
- keratinocytes
-
anti-tissue
- gliadin
- collagen
- duodenal
- igg
- bowel
-
deamidated
- fibronectin
-
villous
- keratin
-
fibrinolysis
- plasminogen
-
isopeptide
- involucrin
- enteropathy
- prothrombin
-
cornified
- plasmin
-
hemostatic
-
endoscopy
-
marsh
-
gelation
-
texture
- ichthyosis
-
fibrinopeptide
-
cryoprecipitate
-
gastroenterology
-
rheological
- leiden
-
malabsorption
- filaggrin
- nutrition
- analysis
- agriculture
- diagnostics
-
antifibrinolytic
- medicine
- synthesis
- food industry
- biotechnology
- histiocytomas
-
sealant
-
2-antiplasmin
Reaction
Synonyms
AcTG-1, BmTGA, chloroplast transglutaminase, chlTGase, cold active transglutaminase, cold-active transglutaminase, EPB42, factor XIII, factor XIIIa, fibrin stabilizing factor, fibrinoligase, Galphah, glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyl-transferase, glutaminylpeptide gamma-glutamyltransferase, glutamyltransferase, glutaminylpeptide gamma-, gpTGase 2, gTG2, hfXIIIa, hTG2, hTGase 1, hTGase 2, hTGase 3, hTGase 6, KALB, KalbTG, KALB_7456, Laki-Lorand factor, mammalian transglutaminase, microbial transglutaminase, microbial transglutaminases, MsTGase, MTG, MTG-TX, MTGase, mTGase 2, OlTGT, plastidial transglutaminase, polyamine transglutaminase, protein 4.2, protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase, R-glutaminyl-peptide:amine gamma-glutamyl transferase, R-glutaminylpeptide-amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, SCTG, SMTG, STG I, t-TG, TG-2, TG1, TG2, TG3, TG4, TG5, TG6, TG7, tGA, TGase, TGase 1, TGase 2, Tgase 3, TGase 6, Tgase II, TGase-2, TGase2, TGB, TGK1, TGK2, TGL, TGM1, TGM2, TGM3, TGM4, TGM5, TGM6, TGM7, TGZ, tgz15, TGZo, tissue transglutaminase, tissue transglutaminase 2, tissue-TG, transglutaminase, transglutaminase 1, transglutaminase 2, transglutaminase 3, transglutaminase 6, transglutaminase C, transglutaminase factor XIII, transglutaminase type II, transglutaminase-2, transglutaminase-like protein, transglutaminase2, tTG, tTG-2, type 2 transglutaminase, type I transglutaminase, type-2 transglutaminase
ECTree
2.3.2.13 protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (Application
Application on EC 2.3.2.13 - protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
top
APPLICATION 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
agriculture
-
physiological role of MsTGase and the potential impact of its regulation on MsTGase-associated pest management
analysis
-
specific tests for measuring the activities of TGase 1 and factor XIII based on their ability to incorporate biotinylated peptides onto spermine-conjugated wells. The rapid and sensitive colorimetric assay shows high sensitivity when TGase isozymes are assayed using their identified preferred substrate peptide. The limit of detection for factor XIII and TGase 1 is as low as 0.01 mU/ml. In each case, good linearity is obtained
biotechnology
diagnostics
tTG is considered a prognostic marker for Parkinson's disease. tTG antibodies, and crosslinked gliadin, act as diagnostic tools in celiac disease
food industry
medicine
nutrition
synthesis
additional information
microbial transglutaminase alters the immunogenic potential and cross-reactivity of horse and cow milk proteins. Possibility of reducing the immunoreactivity of horse milk proteins by microbial transglutaminase (TG) polymerization. The diet based on modified horse milk proteins could be an alternative for some patients with cow milk protein allergy
biotechnology
-
after fermentation in presence of enzyme, wheat dough has higher resistance to stretching and lower extensibility than control, dough contains more of the smallest and less large air bubbles. Enzyme improves formation of protein network in bread baked from normal or organic flour but at higher dosage causes uneven ditribution
biotechnology
-
reaction product of putrescine-pectin conjugate and soy flour protein may be used foredible films with low water vapor permeability and improved mechanical properties
biotechnology
developments in mTGase engineering together with its role in biomedical applications including biomaterial fabrication for tissue engineering and biotherapeutics, overview
biotechnology
-
enzyme TGZ treatment effectively improves the textural properties of milk protein concentrate (MPC) gel at strength level and water-holding capacity. Optimal texture of MPC gel is achieved after TGZ treatment using 2 U/g TGZ for 2 h at 35°C and pH 7.0, method evaluation and optimization, overview
biotechnology
in production of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates, the enzyme is useful for site-specific conjugation of glutamine-based acyl donor substrates and drugs to native and engineered lysines in human immunoglobulins by microbial transglutaminase, overview
biotechnology
microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is used as a crosslinking agent in the preparation of gelatin sponges. The physical properties of the materials are evaluated by measuring their material porosity, water absorption, and elastic modulus. The stability of the sponges are assessed via hydrolysis and enzymolysis, overview. To evaluate the cell compatibility of them TG crosslinked gelatin sponges (mTG sponges), adipose-derived stromal stem cells are cultured and inoculated into the scaffold. Cell proliferation and viability are measured using alamarBlue assay and LIVE/DEAD fluorescence staining, respectively. Cell adhesion on the sponges is observed by scanning electron microscopy. mTG sponges have uniform pore size, high porosity and water absorption, and good mechanical properties. In subcutaneous implantation (in Sprague-Dawley rats), the material is partially degraded in the first month and completely absorbed in the third month. Cell experiments show evident cell proliferation and high viability. The cells grow vigorously and adhered tightly to the sponge. In conclusion, mTG sponge has good biocompatibility and can be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
biotechnology
the microbial transglutaminase is used for biotechnological and biomedical engineering, protein engineering by post-translational modification towards the generation of multifunctional conjugates. Biotechnological applications, detailed overview. Transglutaminase-mediated surface immobilization, a widely-used technique to increase stability of labile and cost-intensive enzymes and enable their reuse
biotechnology
use of MTG to site-specifically and covalently immobilize a substrate peptide-tagged protein, e.g. BirA, to a support, i.e. amine-modified magnetic microspheres (MMS)
food industry
-
enzyme-catalyzed cross-linking is effective in improving functional properties of stirred yak yoghurt (treated yoghurt produces a strong acid gel, higher consistency, cohesiveness, index of viscosity, and creamier mouth feel than the untreated product). Furtermore, enzyme-treated yak yoghurt presents lower wet yak hair or sweat odor, or both.
food industry
-
gelatin is a soluble protein prepared by partial hydrolysis of collagen with widespread utility in food industry, and TGase has been used to enzymatically modify gelatin by forming cross-links to enhance its rheological properties. Gelatin can set to elastic gel on cooling below 35°C from disordered molecules to ordered network predominantly by hydrogen bonds, where TGase introduces additional covalent cross-linkages to improve gelation. Addition of TGase from Euphausia superba at 0.1 U/mg increases the gel strength, setting temperature, setting time, and melting temperature of cold-set gelatin gel. Properties of gelatin with addition of TGase purified from Antarctic krill, overview
food industry
microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is an enzyme widely used in the food industry
food industry
potential application of AcTG-1 as a biological cross-linker in the food industry, once binding occurs, fish fillets withstand further processing such as frying, boiling, freeze-thawing and chilling. The low-temperature activity and enzymatic properties of AcTG-1 appear to offer advantages over commercially available enzymatic glues in the food industry, overview
food industry
-
recombinant enzyme TGZo from Zea mays is suitable for food processing. Cross-linking in proteins by TGase leads to the change of protein functionalities such as water-holding capacity, solubility, gelation property, emulsifying capacity, and nutritional value. TGZo from Zea mays is tested for cow milk yoghurt production, method evaluation, overview. Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodolog. Texture analysis of cow milk yogurts cross-linked by different concentrations of TGZo
food industry
the enzyme is widely exploited in the meat processing industries. Enzyme mTGase is also widely applied in other food and textile industries by catalysing the formation of isopeptide bonds between peptides or protein substrates
food industry
transglutaminase MTG-TX can be used in food-related applications in salty environment, e.g. bacon or seafood
food industry
-
transglutaminase MTG-TX can be used in food-related applications in salty environment, e.g. bacon or seafood
-
food industry
-
enzyme-catalyzed cross-linking is effective in improving functional properties of stirred yak yoghurt (treated yoghurt produces a strong acid gel, higher consistency, cohesiveness, index of viscosity, and creamier mouth feel than the untreated product). Furtermore, enzyme-treated yak yoghurt presents lower wet yak hair or sweat odor, or both.
-
medicine
-
enzyme activity is implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases related to wound healing and neovascularization. Enzyme deficient cells display normal attachment but delayed spreading on extracellular matrix substrates and defects in motility unrelated to crosslinking. Enzyme deficient fibroblasts have defects in focal adhesion turnover and stress fibre formation, show changes in focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and fail to activate protein kinase C alpha
medicine
-
enzyme activity is significantly lower in the plasma of patients with active ulcerative colitis than in those with inactive ulcerative colitis and controls. In the damaged colon, enzyme is needed in response to chronic injury
medicine
-
enzyme is the major autoantigen in coeliac disease. Enzyme contains at least four major antigenic molecules. Human antibodies recognize enzyme but do not inhibit
medicine
-
plant produced enzyme recognizes autoantibodies in the serum of coeliac patients, use in diagnosis of coeliac disease
medicine
-
colocalization of isoform TG2 and fibronectin in glioblastoma extracellular matrix and secretion of high levels of enzyme and fibronectin by small clusters of invading human glioblastoma cells present in non-neoplastic brain. Downregulation of enzyme by RNAi in U87MG glioblastoma cells demonstrates decreases assembly of fibronectin in the extracellular matrix. KCC009 inhibits the enzyme and subsequently blocks fibronectin assembly in the extracellular matrix of glioblastoma cells
medicine
-
epithelial distribution of tissue transglutaminase is specific for coeliac disease rather than due to a non-specific mucosal inflammation. Epithelial distribution of enzyme is gluten dependent
medicine
-
isoform tTG at the placental syncytial mircovillus membrane is a plausible target of maternal autoantibody action
medicine
-
KCC009 treatment in mice harboring orthotopic glioblastomas sensitizes the tumors to N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea chemotherapy
medicine
-
no expression of isoform TGase II in normal mammary tissue and that showing benign hyperplasia, but 44% of mammary carcinomas strongly express isoform TGase II in either a stromal, cellular or combined pattern
medicine
-
no expression of isoform TGase II in normal mammary tissue and that showing benign hyperplasia, but 83% of mammary carcinomasstrongly express isoform TGase II in either a stromal, cellular or combined pattern
medicine
-
use of enzyme as a drug target for treatment of human lymohatic filariasis
medicine
-
Celiac disease is mediated by IgA antibodies to wheat gliadins and tissue transglutaminase (tTG). As tTG is homologous to microbial transglutaminase (mTG) used to improve foodstuff quality, it could elicit the immune response of celiac patients. Sera pool IgA titers are higher against prolamins of mTG-treated wheat or gluten-free breads than against mTG-untreated, mainly due to two individual patients sera. The electrophoretic pattern of gluten-free bread prolamins is changed by the mTG treatment, and a new 31000 band originates in maize is recognized by three CD patients IgA. It is suggested that IgA immunoreactivity can be used as a preliminary test of the safeness of a food product for celiac disease patients
medicine
-
central role of TG2 in the mechanistic pathway of CF inflammation, opening a possible new wave of therapies for sufferers of chronic inflammatory diseases
medicine
-
cystamine delays the onset of the neurological symptoms associated with Huntingtons disease when applied to the R6/2 Huntingtons mouse model, and dihydroisoxazoles, when used in tandem with BCNU, are able to decrease tumor size and extend survival in a mouse model of glioblastoma
medicine
-
glucosamine, as a TGase 2 inhibitor, might be an attractive novel target for treatment of malignant cancers
medicine
-
inhibition of TG2 may provide a new and important therapeutic target against the progression of renal fibrosis
medicine
-
patients with low FXIII plasma levels, which occur naturally after myocardial infarction, may potentially benefit from transient and local augmentation of FXIII activity in the infarct
medicine
-
TGase can contribute to Alzheimer disease by initiating amyloid beta-protein oligomerization and aggregation at physiological levels, by reducing the clearance of amyloid beta-protein due to the generation of protease-resistant amyloid beta-protein species, and by forming amyloid beta-protein assemblies that inhibit processes involved in memory and learning. TGase might constitute a specific therapeutic target for slowing or blocking the progression of Alzheimer disease
medicine
-
therapeutic potential of the transglutaminase 2 inhibitor cystamine in systemic lupus erythematosus
medicine
-
transglutaminase 2 is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, such as celiac sprue, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, liver cirrhosis and fibrosis, renal scarring, and certain types of cancer. It is the enzymatic function of TG2 that is thought to contribute to the pathology or etiology of most of the aforementioned diseases. Therefore, inhibition of the TG2 active site offers a potential strategy to therapeutically treat these disease
medicine
-
TG2 is the major autoantigen in celiac disease, and testing the reactivity of mutants with autoantibodies from celiac disease patients reveals that calcium binding site S4, i.e. residues Y149 to Y159, strongly determines antigenicity
medicine
developments in mTGase engineering together with its role in biomedical applications including biomaterial fabrication for tissue engineering and biotherapeutics, biomedical engineering, overview
medicine
microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is used as a crosslinking agent in the preparation of gelatin sponges. The physical properties of the materials are evaluated by measuring their material porosity, water absorption, and elastic modulus. The stability of the sponges are assessed via hydrolysis and enzymolysis, overview. To evaluate the cell compatibility of them TG crosslinked gelatin sponges (mTG sponges), adipose-derived stromal stem cells are cultured and inoculated into the scaffold. Cell proliferation and viability are measured using alamarBlue assay and LIVE/DEAD fluorescence staining, respectively. Cell adhesion on the sponges is observed by scanning electron microscopy. mTG sponges have uniform pore size, high porosity and water absorption, and good mechanical properties. In subcutaneous implantation (in Spraguex15Dawley rats), the material is partially degraded in the first month and completely absorbed in the third month. Cell experiments show evident cell proliferation and high viability. The cells grow vigorously and adhered tightly to the sponge. In conclusion, mTG sponge has good biocompatibility and can be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
medicine
the microbial transglutaminase is used for biotechnological and biomedical engineering, protein engineering by post-translational modification towards the generation of multifunctional conjugates. Biotechnological applications, detailed overview. Construction of protein-polymer and of antibody-drug conjugations for pharmaceutical applications
nutrition
-
MTGase treatment significantly increases the denaturation temperature of beta-lactoglobulin in whey protein isolate, from 71.84°C in the untreated sample to 78.50°C after 30 h of incubation with MTGase. Increase in ´denaturation temperature is primarily due to covalent cross-linking and not due to an increase in nonpolar interactions within the protein. The surface hydrophobicity of the protein decreases upon cross-linking, due to occlusion of the hydrophobic cavities to the fluorescent probes. The cross-linked protein exhibits a U-shaped pH-stability profile with maximumturbidity at pH 4.0-4.5
nutrition
-
the functionality of light roasted peanut flour dispersions containing supplemental casein is altered after polymerization with microbial transglutaminase. The formation of high molecular weight covalent cross-links is observed. The gelling temperature of TGase-treated peanut flour dispersions containing 2.5% casein is significantly raised compared to the nontreated peanut flour-casein control solutions. The gel strength and water holding capacity of cross-linked peanut flour-casein test samples containing 5% casein is increased, while the yield stress and apparent viscosity are lowered compared to control dispersions. Casein is an effective cosubstrate with peanut flour for creating TGase-modified peanut flour-casein dispersions for use as a novel high protein food ingredient
synthesis
-
soy flour as a source of transglutaminase substrates to prepare hydrocolloid films together with pectin
synthesis
-
high-yield expression of His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli and single-step purification protocol giving high specific activity
synthesis
-
method for on-column activation of His-tagged enzyme by trypsin. About 89% of pro-MTG-His6 can be transferred to mature MTG-His6 with storage stabilization
synthesis
microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is a practical tool to enzymatically form isopeptide bonds between peptide or protein substrates, crosslinking the side-chains of reactive glutamine and lysine residues is solidly rooted in food and textile processing. MTG-reactive glutamines can be readily introduced into a protein domain for fluorescent labeling, method evaluation, overview
synthesis
TGase can be used for the development of site-specific derivatives of IFN alpha-2b possessing interesting antiviral and pharmacokinetic properties
synthesis
the enzyme can be a useful biocatalyst for the synthesis of desirable bioactive molecules
synthesis
the enzyme is used for biomaterial fabrication for tissue engineering, e.g. from gelatin, evaluation, overview
synthesis
the Kutzneria albida microbial transglutaminase enabling highly site-specific labeling of proteins. Its site specificity, favorable kinetics, ease of use, and cost-effective production render KalbTG an attractive tool for a broad range of applications, including production of therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates. The high activity and low molecular mass of KalbTG signifies a key advantage for mass production and enzymatic labeling purposes
synthesis
-
the Kutzneria albida microbial transglutaminase enabling highly site-specific labeling of proteins. Its site specificity, favorable kinetics, ease of use, and cost-effective production render KalbTG an attractive tool for a broad range of applications, including production of therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates. The high activity and low molecular mass of KalbTG signifies a key advantage for mass production and enzymatic labeling purposes
-
