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evolution
phylogenetic analysis of ssat-like genes dividing the genes into 3 clusters, comparison of zebrafish and human gene sequences and regulation, overview
evolution
phylogenetic analysis of ssat-like genes dividing the genes into 3 clusters, comparison of zebrafish and human gene sequences and regulation, overview. Zebrafish ssat1 homologues are paralogous genes which experience subfunctionalization in their function and regulation
evolution
the enzyme is a member of the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily
evolution
the enzyme is a member of the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily. The open and intermediate states of ligand-free enzyme have a unique open dodecameric ring. The SpeG dodecamer is asymmetric except for the one 2fold axis and is unlike any known dodecameric structure. The SpeG dodecamer is conserved in different bacterial species, structure analysis and comparisons, overview
evolution
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the enzyme is a member of the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily. The open and intermediate states of ligand-free enzyme have a unique open dodecameric ring. The SpeG dodecamer is asymmetric except for the one 2fold axis and is unlike any known dodecameric structure. The SpeG dodecamer is conserved in different bacterial species, structure analysis and comparisons, overview
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evolution
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the enzyme is a member of the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily
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malfunction
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altered expression of SAT1 in the polyamine stress response, across multiple brain regions between control individuals and depressed individuals who have died by suicide, overview
malfunction
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SSAT overexpression may be linked to the rare X-linked disease keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans
malfunction
acetylation of triethylenetetramine is increased in SSAT1-overexpressing mice compared with wild-type mice, but SSAT1-deficient mice metabolize TETA at the same rate as the wild-type mice, due to the activity of thialysine acetyltransferase (SSAT2)
malfunction
body weights, femur and tibia lengths and diameters, and ash weights of tibia of wild-type, SSAT overexpressing, and SSAT deficient female mice, overview. Enzyme overexpressing SSAT mice have an altered skeletal appearance with increased collagen cleavage and reduced bone strength compared to the wild-type. Engineered mice also show altered differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells to osteoblasts. Polyamine metabolism of SSAT osteoblasts is disturbed. Osteoblasts of SSAT overexpressing mice show significantly increased SSAT enzyme activity
malfunction
enzyme inhibition also inhibits ongoing joint destruction. Enzyme inhibition or gene silencing by transfection of siRNA targeting SSAT-1 increases 5-methylcytosine levels/PMF-1 promoter methylation within 21 days
malfunction
key polyamine catabolic enzyme spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase1 overexpression in HEK293T cells via adenoviral vector leads to a rapid depletion of spermidine and spermine, arrest in cell growth and a decline in cell viability. AdSAT1-transduced cells reveal morphological changes commonly associated with apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, mitochondrial alteration, vacuolization and membrane blebbing. As polyamine analogues, alpha-methylspermidine and N1,N12-dimethylspermine that are not substrates for SAT1 partially restore growth and prevent apoptosis of AdSAT1-transduced cells. Inhibition of polyamine oxidases does not restore the growth of AdSAT1-transduced cells or block apoptosis. AdSAT1-transduction causes apoptosis by an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm concomitant with a decrease in the mitochondrial fraction in AdSAT1-transduced cells
malfunction
SSAT1 knockdown leads to a dramatic reduction of N1-acetyylspermidine and N1-acetylspermine pools. Metabolism of 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane to N1-acetyl-1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane is reduced with SSAT1 but not with SSAT2 shRNA. No metabolism of 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane detectable in SSAT1-KO cells. In wild-type cells, SSAT2 knockdown does not reduce the metabolism of 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane to N1-AcSpmTrien. In fact it leads to the induction of SSAT1 activity and increased metabolism of 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane to N1-acetyl-1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane
malfunction
the enzyme is underexpressed in brains from suicide victims compared to controls
malfunction
enzyme knockout mice develop late-onset obesity on a high-fat diet with impaired cold-induced beige adipocyte biogenesis and energy expenditure
malfunction
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body weights, femur and tibia lengths and diameters, and ash weights of tibia of wild-type, SSAT overexpressing, and SSAT deficient female mice, overview. Enzyme overexpressing SSAT mice have an altered skeletal appearance with increased collagen cleavage and reduced bone strength compared to the wild-type. Engineered mice also show altered differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells to osteoblasts. Polyamine metabolism of SSAT osteoblasts is disturbed. Osteoblasts of SSAT overexpressing mice show significantly increased SSAT enzyme activity
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metabolism
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role of SSAT in polyamine metabolism, overview
metabolism
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role of SSAT in polyamine metabolism, overview
metabolism
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role of SSAT in polyamine metabolism, overview
metabolism
SSAT catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetylcoenzyme A to spermidine and spermine, as part of a polyamine degradation pathway
metabolism
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SSAT is a key enzyme of polyamine catabolism
metabolism
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SSAT is the key enzyme in the catabolism of polyamines, and is turned over rapidly with only a low amount of enzyme present in the cell. Analogue-affected regulation of SSAT expression occurrs, mainly, after transcription. Depleted intracellular spermidine and spermine levels inversely correlate with the SSAT activity
metabolism
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SSAT is the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine catabolism
metabolism
acetylation of triethylenetetramine is increased in SSAT1-overexpressing mice compared with wild-type mice, but SSAT1-deficient mice metabolize TETA at the same rate as the wild-type mice, due to the activity of thialysine acetyltransferase (SSAT2)
metabolism
spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 is a key enzyme in the polyamine interconversion pathway, which maintains polyamine homeostasis
metabolism
spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 is a key enzyme in the polyamine interconversion pathway, which maintains polyamine homeostasis
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in regulation of polyamine levels in bacteria during pathogenesis
metabolism
the enzyme acetylates and thus neutralizes toxic polyamines
metabolism
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the enzyme is involved in regulation of polyamine levels in bacteria during pathogenesis
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physiological function
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SAT1 is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in catabolism of the polyamines spermidine and spermine
physiological function
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SSAT regulates cellular polyamine content and links polyamine metabolism to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by means of alterations in the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. Since polyamines play critical roles in normal and neoplastic growth and in ion channel regulation, SSAT is a key enzyme in these processes. A high level of SSAT stimulates flux through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
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SSAT regulates cellular polyamine content and links polyamine metabolism to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by means of alterations in the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. Since polyamines play critical roles in normal and neoplastic growth and in ion channel regulation, SSAT is a key enzyme in these processes. A high level of SSAT stimulates flux through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
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SSAT regulates cellular polyamine content and links polyamine metabolism to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by means of alterations in the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. Since polyamines play critical roles in normal and neoplastic growth and in ion channel regulation, SSAT is a key enzyme in these processes. A high level of SSAT stimulates flux through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
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compared with wild-typet mice, the enzyme-deficient mice subjected to endotoxic acute kidney injury have less severe kidney damage as indicated by better preservation of kidney function. Animals treated with MDL72527, an inhibitor of both polyamine oxidase and spermine oxidase, show significant protection against endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury. Increased polyamine catabolism may contribute to kidney damage through generation of by-products of polyamine oxidation
physiological function
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silencing the expression of alternative mRNA splice variant SSATX with small interfering RNA leads to increased enzymic activity. Transfection of enzyme-deficient cells with mutated SSAT gene which produces only trace amounts of alternative mRNA splice variant SSATX yields higher enzyme activity than transfection with the natural gene which produces both SSAT and SSATX. Blocking nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in vivo by protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide results in accumulation of SSATX mRNA, and like in cell culture, the increase of SSATX mRNA is prevented by administration of polyamine analog N1,N11-diethylnorspermine. Although SSATX/total SSAT mRNA ratio does not correlate with polyamine levels or SSAT activity between different tissues, increasing polyamine levels by methylspermidine or zink sulfate in a given tissue leads to decreased SSATX/total SSAT mRNA ratio and vice versa
physiological function
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a key enzyme that transfers the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to either the N-1 or N-8 position of spermidine, thereby reducing the intracellular polyamine level
physiological function
enzyme SpeG has an allosteric polyamine-binding site and acetylating polyamines regulate their intracellular concentrations
physiological function
polyamines (agmatine, putrescine, spermine and spermidine) are ubiquitous molecules involved in cell growth and differentiation. They modulate neurotransmission and are responsible for the polyamine mediated stress response, a cascade of molecular events transiently activated by acute stress stimuli. Chronic stress can lead to a hyperactivation of the polyamine system, ultimately leading to cell growth inhibition and cell death. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltranserare 1 is the key regulator of cellular polyamine content and is involved in the catabolism of spermidine and spermine, a key step in the maintenance of polyamine homeostasis
physiological function
spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase is a catabolic regulator of polyamines, ubiquitous molecules essential for cell proliferation and differentiation. Role of polyamine metabolism in bone remodeling
physiological function
Ssat1b and Ssat1c might not only be a polyamine metabolic enzyme but also simultaneously respond to polyamine levels and engage in cross-talk with other signaling pathways. They interact with a mammalian specific integrin alpha9 and Hif-1alpha, a key regulator of oxygen homeostasis in all metazoans
physiological function
the enzyme catalyzes the initial step in the degradation of polyamines and is a critical enzyme for determining the polyamine concentrations in bacteria
physiological function
the enzyme maintains polyamine homeostasis, mammalian Ssat1 is also involved in many physiological and pathological events such as hypoxia, cell migration, and carcinogenesis
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in the negative control of sporulation and degradative enzyme production
physiological function
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depletion of polyamines by the enzyme significantly inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion through AKT/GSK3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer cells. The enzyme inhibits cell colony formation and proliferation rate in hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma cells
physiological function
enzyme activation plays a key role in cold and beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist-induced beige adipocyte biogenesis and low-grade inflammation. Enzyme activation enhances hydrogen peroxide production in adipocytes. Adipose enzyme regulates beige adipocyte thermogenesis
physiological function
the enzyme is a modulator of Escherichia coli transcription through its ability to interact with the transcription factor RcsB. The enzyme interacts with the DNA-binding domain of RcsB and this interaction might be responsible for enzyme-dependent inhibition of RcsB-dependent small RNA rprA transcription
physiological function
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the enzyme plays a critical role in cell growth
physiological function
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the enzyme regulates the genes MELK and EZH2 by direct interaction with chromatin
physiological function
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the enzyme restricts chikungunya virus and Zika virus replication. The enzyme depletes spermidine and spermine to restrict RNA virus replication
physiological function
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spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase is a catabolic regulator of polyamines, ubiquitous molecules essential for cell proliferation and differentiation. Role of polyamine metabolism in bone remodeling
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physiological function
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enzyme SpeG has an allosteric polyamine-binding site and acetylating polyamines regulate their intracellular concentrations
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physiological function
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the enzyme catalyzes the initial step in the degradation of polyamines and is a critical enzyme for determining the polyamine concentrations in bacteria
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additional information
enzyme SpeG forms dodecamers in solution and in crystals, three-dimensional structure in several ligand-free and liganded structures, the enzyme occurs in open and closed conformations, overview. Conserved residue Tyr134 is proposed to function as the general acid to protonate the thiolate anion of CoA after transfer of the acetyl group to the substrate
additional information
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enzyme SpeG forms dodecamers in solution and in crystals, three-dimensional structure in several ligand-free and liganded structures, the enzyme occurs in open and closed conformations, overview. Conserved residue Tyr134 is proposed to function as the general acid to protonate the thiolate anion of CoA after transfer of the acetyl group to the substrate
additional information
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enzyme SpeG forms dodecamers in solution and in crystals, three-dimensional structure in several ligand-free and liganded structures, the enzyme occurs in open and closed conformations, overview. Conserved residue Tyr134 is proposed to function as the general acid to protonate the thiolate anion of CoA after transfer of the acetyl group to the substrate
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