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malfunction
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complete loss of isoform KCS20 and KCS2 genes decreases the total wax content in stems and leaves by 20% and 15%, respectively. Kcs20 kcs2/daisy-1 double mutants exhibit significant reduction of C22 and C24 very-long-chain fatty acid derivatives but accumulation of C20 very-long-chain fatty acid derivatives in aliphatic suberin
malfunction
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complete loss of KCS1 expression results in decreases of up to 80% in the levels of C26 to C30 wax alcohols and aldehydes, while smaller effects are observed on the major wax components, i.e. the C29 alkanes and C29 ketones on leaves, stems and siliques. The loss of KCS1 expression does not result in complete loss of any individual wax component or significantly decrease the total wax load
malfunction
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FAE1 misexpression plants are similar to the wild type but display an essentially glabrous phenotype, owing to the selective death of trichome cells. Nuclei of arrested trichome cells in FAE1 misexpression plants cell-autonomously accumulate high levels of DNA damage, including double-strand breaks characteristic of lipoapoptosis
malfunction
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null mutations in ELO3 result in accumulation of labeled precursors into inositol phosphoceramide, with little labeling in the more complex mannosylated sphingolipids, whereas disruption of ELO2 results in reduced levels of all sphingolipids. Mutations in ELO3 lead to elevated levels of C20 and C22 fatty acids (most abundant species is behenic acid which averages 3.1% of the total fatty acyl mass, a 10fold increase over wild type levels). ELO3 disruption results in an approximate 20% increase in the total levels of very long chain species. Sharply reduced levels of cerotic acid (approximately 20% wild type levels) and hydroxy-cerotic acid (approximately 40% of wild type levels) are found in an elo2 mutant strain
malfunction
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suppression of CUT1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants results in waxless (eceriferum) stems and siliques as well as conditional male sterility. In CUT1-suppressed plants, the C24 chain-length wax components predominate. Both decarbonylation and acyl reduction pathways are down-regulated in cut1-suppressed plants
malfunction
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enzyme mutations reduce the amount of wax, but not the total load of cutin in leaf blades, and result in an increased rate of water loss. Enzyme defects affect cuticle structure, water barrier properties of the cuticle and infection by the powdery mildew fungus
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the fatty acid elongation cycle consisting of the reaction steps of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in docosahexaenoic acid synthesis pathway in the teleost Solea senegalensis
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in very-long-chain fatty acid elongation beyond C22. Elongation beyond C24 requires the participation of CER2
physiological function
a MALCE1 gene-silenced strain exhibits a low content of octadecanoic acid and a high content of hexadecanoic acid
physiological function
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Elo2p is involved in the elongation of fatty acids up to 24 carbons and has the highest affinity for substrates with chain lengths less than 22 carbons. Elo3p has a broader substrate specificity and is essential for the conversion of 24-carbon acids to 26-carbon species
physiological function
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enzymic activity of FAE1 is required to suppress trichome development. The enzyme plays a role in the biosynthesis of cutin
physiological function
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FAE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seed
physiological function
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isoforms KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY are functionally redundant in the two-carbon elongation to C22 very-long-chain fatty acid that is required for cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the CUT1 enzyme is required for cuticular wax biosynthesis and pollen fertility
physiological function
the enzyme has strong capability for improving the erucic acid content
physiological function
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the enzyme is required for epicuticular wax in bolting stems
physiological function
the enzyme plays a role in the production of epicuticular and pollen coat lipids more than 28 carbons long
physiological function
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the enzyme plays a role in wax biosynthesis and is involved in both, the decarbonylation and acyl-reduction wax synthesis pathways
physiological function
3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, KAR, regulates enzyme ELOVL6 via two modes: in the first mode, KAR may induce conformational changes in ELOVL6 to become a structure that can undergo catalysis. In the second mode, conversion of 3-oxoacyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA by KAR may facilitate release of the product from the presumed ELOVL6-KAR complex
physiological function
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elongase Onion2 mutants produce very small shoots in which leaves are fused to each other, and cease growing after germination. The midrib of Onion2 mutant leaf blades is not developed correctly. The amount of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids of C = 20, 24, 26, 28 and 30 is reduced in the mutant shoots
physiological function
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Elovl1 knockout mice die shortly after birth due to epidermal barrier defects. The lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum are largely diminished in these mice. In the epidermis of the Elovl1-null mice, the levels of Cers with more than C26 fatty acids are decreased, while those of Cers with less than C24 fatty acids are increased. The levels of C24 sphingomyelin are reduced, accompanied by an increase in C20 sphingomyelin levels. Ceramide synthases, CerS2 and CerS3, expressed in an epidermal layer-specific manner, regulate Elovl1 to produce acyl coenzyme As with different chain lengths
physiological function
in rice lines in which the gene encoding a fatty acid elongase, CUT1L, is silenced, both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase ACS1 expression and aerenchyma formation are reduced. The expression of ACS1, CUT1L, and ATP-binding cassette transporter RCN1/OsABCG5 is induced predominantly in the outer part of roots under stagnant conditions. In rice under oxygen-deficient conditions, very-long-chain fatty acids increase ethylene production by promoting 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid biosynthesis in the outer part of roots, which, in turn, induces aerenchyma formation in the root cortex
physiological function
rosette leafs of CER2-LIKE1 mutant plants show increased levels of C30-derived waxes and less C32-derived C31 alkane. Transferase CER2 and CER2-LIKE1-1 have redundant functions in elongation past C28 in leaves. CER2-LIKE1 partially rescues the stem wax-deficient phenotype of cer2-5. Yeast cells coexpressing condensing enzyme CER6 and CER2-LIKE1 synthesize C28, C30, C32, and C34 very-long-chain fatty acids
physiological function
transferase CER2 and CER2-LIKE2 have semiredundant functions required for male fertility
physiological function
enzyme overexpression increases the cuticular wax load and the quantity of C30-C34 fatty acids in rice leaves. The enzyme is involved in reproductive and vegetative organ development processes as well as epicuticular wax formation in rice
physiological function
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a MALCE1 gene-silenced strain exhibits a low content of octadecanoic acid and a high content of hexadecanoic acid
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