Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
evolution
-
phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the closest evolutionary relationship between mitochondrial isoform of Liza haematocheila glutathione reductase and other fish mitochondrial isoforms of glutathione reductase
drug target
the enzymed is an important target of phenothiazinium dyes in Neospora caninum proliferation inhibition
drug target
-
the enzymed is an important target of phenothiazinium dyes in Neospora caninum proliferation inhibition
-
malfunction
-
deletion of isoform GR1 prevents survival due to a pollen lethal phenotype
malfunction
-
glutathione reductase inhibition significantly enhances cancer sensitivity to X-ray irradiation through glutathione disulfide increase
malfunction
-
in addition to a decrease in GSH and increase in GSSG, inhibition of glutathione reductase increases the ratios of NADH/NAD+ and NADPH/NADP+. Significant protein glutathionylation is observed. However, the inhibition does not affect the formation of reactive oxygen species or expression of antioxidant defense enzyme systems (glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase)
malfunction
-
cells lacking the enzyme show decreased resistance to oxidative stress (H2O2) and 2fold higher levels of reactive oxygen species and catalase activity than the wild type strain
malfunction
-
enzyme-deficient mice exhibit increased morbidity and mortality but do not exhibit a greater sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide than do wild type mice. Neutrophils of enzyme-deficient mice reveal impaired phagocytosis
malfunction
-
cells lacking the enzyme show decreased resistance to oxidative stress (H2O2) and 2fold higher levels of reactive oxygen species and catalase activity than the wild type strain
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in glucose metabolism
metabolism
-
gene GLR1 uses alternative start codons to generate two forms of enzyme. Translation from the first AUG codon generates the mitochondrial form incorporating a presequence necessary for import, while translation from the second AUG codon yields the cytosolic counterpart. The N-terminus of cytosolic GLR1 normally is N-acetylserine. In a GLR1-overproducing strain, unprocessed mitochondrial GLR1 with N-terminal acetylmethionine also accumulates in the cytosol. The processed mitochondrial GLR1 has three alternative N-termini, none of them acetylated. Mitochondrial GLR1 is turned over faster than the cytosolic form by a factor of about 2. The second AUG appears to be responsible for most of the cellular GLR1
metabolism
-
gene GLR1 uses alternative start codons to generate two forms of enzyme. Translation from the first AUG codon generates the mitochondrial form incorporating a presequence necessary for import, while translation from the second AUG codon yields the cytosolic counterpart. The N-terminus of cytosolic GLR1 normally is N-acetylserine. In a GLR1-overproducing strain, unprocessed mitochondrial GLR1 with N-terminal acetylmethionine also accumulates in the cytosol. The processed mitochondrial GLR1 has three alternative N-termini, none of them acetylated. Mitochondrial GLR1 is turned over faster than the cytosolic form by a factor of about 2. The second AUG appears to be responsible for most of the cellular GLR1
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in glucose metabolism
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme's physiological function is the reduction of glutathione disulfide or GSNO but not the opposite
physiological function
-
thioredoxin glutathione reductase binding to retinoic acid receptor is required for the retinoic acid-dependent retinoic acid receptor association with chromatin, retinoic acid receptor activity damaged by oxidative stress is restored by thioredoxin glutathione reductase
physiological function
-
glutathione reductase is the crucial enzyme to maintain high glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio and physiological redox status in cells
physiological function
-
glutathione reductase is essential for host defense against bacterial (group B Streptococcus) infection. The oxidative defense mechanism mediated by the enzyme is required for an effective innate immune response against bacteria, probably by preventing phagocyte dysfunction due to oxidative damage
physiological function
rice enzyme expression in yeast increases the ability of the cells to adapt and recover from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and various stimuli including heat shock and exposure to menadione, heavy metals (iron, zinc, copper, and cadmium), SDS, ethanol, and sulfuric acid
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in salt stress response and biotic stress tolerance
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays a crucial role in daylength-dependent redox signaling. The Arabidopsis glutathione reductase1 gene plays a crucial role in leaf responses to intracellular hydrogen peroxide and in ensuring appropriate gene expression through both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an essential central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen metabolites. The enzyme plays an important role in plant protection against various forms of stress
physiological function
a GLR1-deficient strain is not viable. During filamentation, nongrowing hyphal GLR1-overexpressing cells exhibit resistance against oxidants and cellular methylglyoxal is significantly decreased, which concomitantly increases expression of genes encoding energy-generating enzymes, including fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1), with remarkable repression of Efg1-signaling cascades
physiological function
Escherichia coli cells overexpressing GR2 display markedly increased tolerance and survival at high concentrations of H2O2
physiological function
-
gene is able to complement an Escherichia coli glutathione reductase deletion strain in oxidative stress growth assays
physiological function
glutathione reductase GSR-1 is essential for survival under juglone stress conditions. Knockdown of GSR-1 hardly affects total glutathione levels nor reduced glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio under normal laboratory conditions. When GSSG recycling is impaired by RNAi, GSH synthesis is induced, but not vice versa. The impact of GSSG recycling is potentiated under oxidative stress conditions. Ovepression of GSR-1 is capable of increasing stress tolerance. Expression levels of GSR-1 also affect life span of Caenorhabditis elegans
physiological function
isoform GR2 is an important regulator of leaf senescence. Seed development of the homozygous GR2 knockout mutant is blocked at the globular stage. GR2 RNAi plants display early onset of age-dependent and dark and H2O2-induced leaf senescence, accompanied by the induction of the senescence-related marker genes SAG12 and SAG13. Genes related to leaf senescence, oxidative stress, and phytohormone pathways are upregulated directly before senescence in RNAi plants. H2O2 accumulates to higher levels in RNAi plants than in wild-type plants and the levels of H2O2 peak in RNAi plants directly before the early onset of leaf senescence. RNAi plants show a greater decrease in GSH/GSSG levels than wild-type plants during leaf development
physiological function
-
no observable differences in the kinetic and structural properties of glutathione reductase between the frozen winter state and the unfrozen state. Increased glutathione recycling may result due to passive regulation of glutathione reductase by rising levels of glucose during freezing
physiological function
plastid-localized GR2 is essential for root growth and root apical meristem maintenance
physiological function
transgenic Arabidopsis plants with decreased chloroplastic/mitochondrial isoform GR2 levels are highly sensitive to excess light and accumulate high levels of H2O2. Photosystem II activity is significantly decreased and plants show inhibition of electron transfer between QA and QB and decreased redox potential of QB. The levels of photosystem II proteins and complexes are decreased in transgenic plants
physiological function
Neospora caninum causes heavy losses related to abortions in bovine cattle. This parasite develops a complex defense redox system, composed of enzymes as glutathione reductase
physiological function
-
the enzyme has profound effects on modulating the immune reaction in fish to sustain precise redox homeostasis
physiological function
WP_010214957
the enzyme is an important oxidoreductase that helps maintain redox homeostasis. It possesses the characteristics of thermophilic enzymes and functions at colder temperatures, thereby maintaining the reducing power of the Arctic bacterium Sphingomonas sp. PAMC 26621 in a broad range of temperatures
physiological function
-
the enzyme provides protection against peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in recombinant cells
physiological function
-
the GSH pool within the cell is restored by the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione by the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase
physiological function
-
the GSH pool within the cell is restored by the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione by the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase
-
physiological function
-
Neospora caninum causes heavy losses related to abortions in bovine cattle. This parasite develops a complex defense redox system, composed of enzymes as glutathione reductase
-