1.14.18.1: tyrosinase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about tyrosinase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.14.18.1
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1.14.18.1
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melanin
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melanoma
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melanocyte
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melanogenesis
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melanosomes
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cosmetic
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microphthalmia-associated
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hyperpigmentation
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melanogenic
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catechols
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polyphenols
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kojic
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copper
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albinism
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whitening
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hair
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keratinocytes
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albino
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flavonoid
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biosensors
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o-quinone
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amperometric
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phytochemical
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pigmentary
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vitiligo
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tautomerase
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laccase
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abts
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alpha-msh
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melanization
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depigmentation
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hydroquinone
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electrode
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melanocortins
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2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
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copper-binding
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polyphenoloxidase
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frap
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biotechnology
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agriculture
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pharmacology
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hla-a2
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nutrition
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1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
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food industry
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hemocyanins
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environmental protection
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l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
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crest-derived
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drug development
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microphthalmia
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medicine
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agaricus
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butyrylcholinesterase
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melanoma-associated
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copper-containing
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decolor
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bisporus
- 1.14.18.1
- melanin
- melanoma
- melanocyte
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melanogenesis
- melanosomes
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cosmetic
-
microphthalmia-associated
- hyperpigmentation
-
melanogenic
- catechols
- polyphenols
-
kojic
- copper
- albinism
-
whitening
- hair
-
keratinocytes
-
albino
- flavonoid
-
biosensors
- o-quinone
-
amperometric
-
phytochemical
-
pigmentary
- vitiligo
-
tautomerase
- laccase
- abts
- alpha-msh
-
melanization
-
depigmentation
- hydroquinone
-
electrode
-
melanocortins
-
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
-
copper-binding
- polyphenoloxidase
-
frap
- biotechnology
- agriculture
- pharmacology
-
hla-a2
- nutrition
-
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
- food industry
- hemocyanins
- environmental protection
- l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
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crest-derived
- drug development
- microphthalmia
- medicine
- agaricus
- butyrylcholinesterase
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melanoma-associated
-
copper-containing
-
decolor
- bisporus
Reaction
2 L-dopa
+
Synonyms
AbPPO1, AbPPO4, AbTYR, aurone synthase, catalase-phenol oxidase, catechol oxidase, catecholase, CATPO, chlorogenic acid oxidase, chlorogenic oxidase, cresolase, cresolase/monophenolase, CsPPO, CZA14Tyr, deoxy-tyrosinase, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, Diphenol oxidase, diphenolase, dopa oxidase, EC 1.10.3.1, EC 1.14.17.2, Hc-derived phenoloxidase, Hc-phenoloxidase, HcPO, HdPO, hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase, jrPPO1, jrTYR, L-DOPA monophenolase, L-DOPA oxidase, L-DOPA:oxygen oxidoreductase, L-tyrosine hydroxylase, MdPPO1, melC2, MelC2 tyrosinase, met-tyrosinase, monophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol monooxidase, monophenol monooxygenase, monophenol monoxygenase, monophenol oxidase, monophenol oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol, 3,4-dihydroxy L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA):oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol, L-Dopa: oxidoreductase, monophenol, L-DOPA: oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol, o-diphenol: oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol, o-diphenol:O2 oxidoreductase, monophenol, o-diphenol:oxygen oxido-reductase, monophenol, o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol, polyphenol oxidase, monophenol: dioxygen oxidoreductases, hydroxylating, monophenolase, monphenol mono-oxygenase, More, mTyr, murine tyrosinase, mushroom tyrosinase, mushroom tyrosine, N-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidase, o-diphenol oxidase, o-diphenol oxidoreductase, o-diphenol oxygen oxidoreductase, o-diphenol: O2 oxidoreductase, o-diphenol: oxidoreductase, o-diphenol:O2 oxidoreductase, o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase, o-diphenolase, OCA1, Orf13, oxygen oxidoreductase, phenol oxidase, phenol oxidases, phenolase, phenoloxidase, PO, polyaromatic oxidase, polyphenol oxidase, polyphenol oxidase 3, polyphenol oxidase 4, polyphenol oxidase B, polyphenolase, polyphenoloxidase, PotPPO, PPO, PPO 3, PPO B, PPO1, PPO2, PPO3, pro-PO III, prophenoloxidase III, pyrocatechol oxidase, SPRTyr, ST94, ST94t, tryosinase, tryrosinase, TY, tyr, TYR1, TYR2, tyrA, TyrBm, tyrosinase, tyrosinase 2, tyrosinase 4, tyrosinase diphenolase, tyrosine-dopa oxidase
ECTree
1.14.18.1 tyrosinaseAdvanced search results
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results (Activating Compound
Activating Compound on EC 1.14.18.1 - tyrosinase
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate the selectivity of tyrosinase is altered, and the ratio of monophenolase/diphenolase activity increases by up to 5fold
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
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higher than 0.005 mM, 600% activation of N-acetyl-tyrosine hydroxylation, activation of 4-tert-butylphenol oxidation, shortens lag time of the enzyme
4-methylcatechol
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effect of a range of diphenol treatments on the activation of latent red clover PPO tested. 23.0% activation
caffeic acid
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effect of a range of diphenol treatments on the activation of latent red clover PPO tested. 91.9% activation
chlorogenic acid
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effect of a range of diphenol treatments on the activation of latent red clover PPO tested. 33.1% activation
chymotrypsin
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chymotrypsin is more effective in converting hemocyanin to hemocyanin-phenoloxidase than is trypsin
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dithiothreitol
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small amounts abolish the characteristic lag phase of monohydric phenol oxidation without effect on the maximum rate of reaction or on the total O2 consumption
DMSO
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activity is enhanced in the presence of 10-50% (v/v), the activity in 30% (v/v) DMSO is 170% of the activity in water and the enantioselectivity towards L-DOPA decreases by 40%
ethylammonium nitrate
in the presence of ethylammonium nitrate the selectivity of tyrosinase is altered, and the ratio of monophenolase/diphenolase activity increases by up to 5fold
extract without inhibitor
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effect of a range of diphenol treatments on the activation of latent red clover PPO tested. 82.3% activation
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H2O2
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the addition of hydrogen peroxide transforms Em to Eox, which is able to hydroxylate alpha/beta-arbutin, although the o-quinone that is originated is unstable
membrane-associated transporter protein
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MATP, encoded by gene SLC45A2, regulates melanosomal pH and influences tyrosinase activity, mechanism modeling, overview. The SLC45A2 transcript is highly expressed in human melanoma cells and primary melanocyte. Knockdown of MATP using siRNAs reduces melanin content and tyrosinase activity without any morphological change in melanosomes or the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, and lowers the the melanosomal pH. The reduced tyrosinase activity in MATP-knockdown cells is due to improper copper binding to tyrosinase under the acidic conditions in melanosomes and that the acidic conditions are due to MATP deletion
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Sarkosyl
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SDS and sarkosyl activate the cresolase activity, while only SDS activates the catecholase activity. The addition of up to 0.25 mM sarkosyl to the reaction mixture resulted in up to a 30% increase in the activity when p-cresol is used as the substrate
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
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differential activation of the latent enzyme, 4fold for L-tyrosine and tyramine, 2fold for L-DOPA and dopamine
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
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THSG, one of six compounds isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Showed most potent effects on tyrosinase activation and melanogenesis
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
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THSG, tyrosinase activator isolated from Radix Polygoni multiflori
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
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THSG, one of six compounds isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and to treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Shows significant melanogenesis stimulation activities and significant activation effects on B16 cell tyrosinase. THSG is a potent activator of tyrosinase
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
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THSG, tyrosinase activator isolated from Radix Polygoni multiflori. It significantly increases the activity of murine tyrosinase and stimulates melanin biosynthesis in B16 melanoma cells. THSG is found to be non-cytotoxic to B16 melanoma cells at a concentration of 0.1-12.5 microg/ml
2-morpholinoethyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate
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a caffeic acid-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) morpholine ester, activates mushroom tyrosinase activity dramatically, the activation of mushroom tyrosinase is noncompetitive
2-morpholinoethyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate
a caffeic acid-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) morpholine ester, increases tyrosinase activity in M14 cells in a dose-dependent manner
3-morpholinopropyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate
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a caffeic acid-4-(3-hydroxypropyl) morpholine ester, activates mushroom tyrosinase activity dramatically the activation of mushroom tyrosinase is noncompetitive
3-morpholinopropyl (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate
a caffeic acid-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) morpholine ester, increases tyrosinase activity in M14 cells in a dose-dependent manner
Aloe-emodin
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shows mild activating effects on tyrosinase. Isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine
Aloe-emodin
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isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and to treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Shows slightly melanogenesis stimulation activities
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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5 mM catechol results in a 5-8fold acceleration of the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
catechol
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effect of a range of diphenol treatments on the activation of latent red clover PPO tested. minus 1.6% activation
chrysophanol
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shows mild activating effects on tyrosinase. Isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine
chrysophanol
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isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and to treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Shows significant melanogenesis stimulation activities
emodin
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shows mild activating effects on tyrosinase. Isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine
emodin
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isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and to treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Shows significant melanogenesis stimulation activities
L-Dopa
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low-mobility enzyme form shows an absolute requirement of L-dopa for tyrosine hydroxylation in contrast to high-mobility enzyme form
methanol
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the enzyme has an inactive proenzyme form which is activated by SDS and methanol, but not by trypsin, the partially purified active enzyme is not affected by copper acetate, SDS, methanol, and trypsin
methanol
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activity is enhanced in the presence of 10-50% (v/v), the residual activity following an incubation period of 17 h in 0-70% methanol is constant
physcion
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shows mild activating effects on tyrosinase. Isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine
physcion
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isolated from Radix polygoni multiflori, a herb used effectively to prevent graying and to treat skin depigmentation diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Shows slightly melanogenesis stimulation activities
SDS
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SDS and sarkosyl activate the cresolase activity, while only SDS activates the catecholase activity. The extent of stimulation depends on the concentration of detergent and reaches a maximum at 0.16 mM SDS
SDS
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the enzyme has an inactive proenzyme form which is activated by SDS and methanol, but not by trypsin, the partially purified active enzyme is not affected by copper acetate, SDS, methanol, and trypsin
SDS
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hemocyanin-phenoloxidase activity increases with increasing concentrations of SDS, up to 2.22 mM
SDS
the addition of SDS at levels of 2-50 mM increases the activity of the enzyme by 2fold towards the natural substrates L-tyrosine and L-Dopa and 15-20fold towards the non-native phenol and catechol
SDS
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soluble and membrane-bound peach polyphenol oxidase are activated by acid shock and the detergent SDS
SDS
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effect of a range of diphenol treatments on the activation of latent red clover PPO tested.100% activation
Trypsin
the tyrosinase activity of ST94 is enhanced to about 4times by proteolysis with trypsin to form a protein, termed ST94t
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Trypsin
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trypsin has only a weak effect on hemocyanin conversion to hemocyanin-phenoloxidase, compared to SDS
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additional information
enzymatic activity may be induced in the reaction mixture by the addition of a ionic detergent, e.g. SDS
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additional information
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enzymatic activity may be induced in the reaction mixture by the addition of a ionic detergent, e.g. SDS
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additional information
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the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
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additional information
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the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
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additional information
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the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
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additional information
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the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
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additional information
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the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
-
additional information
-
the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics has no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-DOPA
-
additional information
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the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
-
additional information
-
the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
-
additional information
-
the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
-
additional information
-
the presence of 5 mM of the following monophenolics have no effect on the rate of oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (2-, 3-, or 4-)coumaric acids (2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycinnamic acid). Additionally, neither 5 mM vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) nor pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) has any effect of the oxidation of 2.5 mM L-Dopa
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additional information
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the enzymes is activated in the presence of 1-40% water-immiscible ether
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additional information
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a significant increase in phenoloxidase activity is observed from the day 13 larvae right through to the juvenile stage
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additional information
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the enzymes is activated in the presence of 1-40% water-immiscible ether
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additional information
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the enzymes is activated in the presence of 1-40% water-immiscible ether
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additional information
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the enzymes is activated in the presence of 1-40% water-immiscible ether
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additional information
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UVA induced oxidative stress is considered to promote melanogenesis and serious skin damage. UVA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), ROS causes tyrosinase gene transcription
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additional information
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an increase, up to three orders of magnitude, of tyrosinase-like activity is observed when the cleaved Odd-like (cleavage site between the alpha and beta domains of the functional unit homologous to Odd, in the Octopus dofleini sequence) is incubated with L-DOPA in the presence of trifluoroethanol or hexafluoroisopropanol
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additional information
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enzymatic conversion of hemocyanin into phenoloxidase-like enzyme by homocyte components. Serine/cysteine proteases in the hemocytes are involved in the activation. A split of the reductive bond, such as the disulfide bond between subunits, is essential for hemocyanin activation
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additional information
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as the treatment pressure (high-pressure microfluidization) increases, the PPO relative activity is elevated from 100% untreated to 182.57% treated at 180 MPa, PPO relative activity is enhanced as the treatment pass increases
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additional information
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plants are subjected to drought-to-near complete water loss (approximately 2% relative water content, RWC) and several fold higher PPO activity is detected in desiccated leaves
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additional information
Rana esculenta ridibunda
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it is suggested that the activation of the proenzyme is accompanied by a conformational change in which the tryptophyl residues move to the active site
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additional information
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activity depends on buffer system: highest activity in citrate-phosphate buffer
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additional information
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activation of latent enzyme under frosty conditions
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additional information
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damaging can activate PPO in red clover, measured as an increase in protein-bound phenols during wilting
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